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Old cervix disruptions or infections of the cervical canal are a possible cause. Fibroids that distort the uterine cavity have an impact on the ability of an embryo to implant and should be removed surgically. Image: “ICSI of marmoset oocytes after in vitro maturation.” by openi. Other factors that can affect a woman's chances of conceiving include being overweight or underweight,[56] or her age as female fertility declines after the age of 30.[57] Sometimes it can be a combination of factors, and sometimes a clear cause is never established. Predominantly anovulation is caused by hormonal imbalances such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) but ovarian scarring and premature menopause can also result in failure to ovulate. • Tubal disease, comprising anything from mild adhesions to complete blockage of the fallopian tubes, prevents fertilised eggs from travelling from the site of fertilisation to the uterus.

Genetics of Male Infertility: Evolution of the X and Y Chromosome and Transmission of Male Infertility to Future Generations. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 5 from Essential IVF, 2004. Unexplained infertility[edit] In the US, up to 20% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility.[61] In these cases abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods.

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The most commonly prescribed injections that stimulate the ovary are called gonadotropins. Adequate nutritional and health status to maintain nutrition and oxygenation of placenta and fetus. Obstructions in the sperm transport plumbing can sometimes be surgically corrected.

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Clinical examinations start with ovarian causes of sterility. Perfect Anatomical Reconstruction of Vas Deferens with a new Microscopic Surgical Technique. (PDF, 19 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1977. Embryo Development after ICSI Using Testicular, Epididymal and Ejaculated Spermatozoa. (PDF, 2 MB) Frontiers in Endocrinology, 1995. Thyroid problems: An overactive or underactive thyroid gland can lead to a hormonal imbalance.

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Thus one of the requirements is normal spermatogenesis – normal sperm count, motility and biologic structure and function. Bilateral anorchia (vanishing testes syndrome) Patients have a normal male karyotype (46, XY) but are born without testis bilaterally. Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. Women 35 and older should see their doctor after six months of trying. Malformation of the eggs themselves may complicate conception. Follicular puncture Embryo transfer Ovarian stimulation Postcoital test In-vitro cultivation 3. The prevalence varies widely, being less in developed countries and more in developing countries where limited resources for investigation and treatment are available [2]. Mental stress: Stress can be a factor, especially if it leads to reduced sexual activity. Medication. If you have ovulation problems, you may be prescribed drugs such as clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene), gonadotropins (such as Gonal-F, Follistim, Humegon and Pregnyl), or letrozole. This allows the physician to evaluate the woman for any pelvic disease, particularly endometriosis, which may interfere with conception.