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A defect in any of these sperm structures may result in infertility that will not be detected by semen analysis.[60] Antisperm antibodies cause immune infertility.[23][24] Cystic fibrosis can lead to infertility in men. The surgery is performed during the early follicular phase.

Therefore, data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly.[8] A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be subfertile, meaning less fertile than a typical couple. Clean, Intermittent Self-catheterization in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. Testing may begin with a physical exam and questions about past medical problems.

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Hypospadias affects about 1 in every 500 newborn boys. Quantitative Evaluation of Spermatogenesis by Testicular Histology in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens Undergoing Epididymal Sperm Aspiration. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1990. Bromocriptine (Parlodel): This drug inhibits prolactin production. Malformation of the eggs themselves may complicate conception. Women trying to conceive often have depression rates similar to women who have heart disease or cancer.[18] Emotional stress and marital difficulties are greater in couples where the infertility lies with the man.[19] Older people with adult children appear to live longer.[20] Why this is the case is unclear and may dependent in part on those who have children adopting a healthier lifestyle, support from children, or the circumstances that led to not having children.[20] [edit] In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. Hjollund NH, Storgaard L, Ernst E, Bonde JP, Olsen J.

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They can also carry out some basic tests on both partners to see if there is an identifiable reason for not having achieved a pregnancy. Surgical procedures are now rarely used because of the high success rate of other infertility treatments.  IUI: Fertility doctors may also recommend intrauterine insemination or IUI. Causes of Sterility in Women In women, the classification of possible causes is much more complex. Vitrification of oocytes from endangered Mexican gray wolves (Canis lupus baileyi). (PDF, 319 KB) Theriogenology, 2010. If necessary, they refer patients to a fertility clinic or local hospital for more specialized tests. Diverse Spermatogenic Defects in Humans Caused by Y Chromosome Deletions Encompassing a Novel RNA-binding Protein Gene. (PDF, 2 MB) Human Reproduction, 1996.

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These include advancing maternal age, severe male factor infertility (whereby ICSI can be used to fertilize the egg), and endometriosis, amongst many others. 2 or more - sperm concentration: 15 million spermatozoa per ml or more - total sperm number: 39 million spermatozoa per ejaculate or more - total motility: 40% or more motile or 32% or more with progressive motility - vitality: 58% or more live spermatozoa - sperm morphology (percentage of normal forms): 4% or more Basic Work-up for Infertility 13. Evidence of ovulation: 1. Human menopausal gonadotropin, or hMG (Repronex): This contains both FSH and LH. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria. (PDF, 1 MB) New England Journal of Medicine, 1971. Placenta Percreta Invading Bladder. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. However, it is widely acknowledged by doctors that it is usually very difficult for PCOS patients to lose weight. It is increasingly recognized that egg quality is of critical importance and women of advanced maternal age have eggs of reduced capacity for normal and successful fertilization. The easiest and most successful treatment is intrauterine insemination (IUI). [104] Similar treatments apply when oligospermia, hypospermia, and ejaculatory disorders such as impotence, hypospadias, or retrograde ejaculation are present. [105, 106, 107] Patients with azoospermia that is not amenable to in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment benefit from artificial insemination (AI) with donor sperm. [108] Artificial insemination can be performed by depositing the sperm at the cervical level (cervical insemination) [106] or inside the endometrial cavity (intrauterine insemination). Polyps and submucous fibroids can be removed during this procedure. Other hormones including inhibin B and leptin, may also be affected by obesity.