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One-third of couples will discover fertility problems in only the woman. ED may be the consequence of the conversion of androgens to estradiol. Laparoscopic techniques have also been developed in the field of veterinary medicine.

To help objectify sperm morphology and therefore enhance the consistency and reproducibility among laboratories, Kruger introduced a definition of "strict criteria" in 1986. Diagnosis Most people will visit a physician if there is no pregnancy after 12 months of trying. No Differences in Outcome after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Fresh or with Frozen-thawed Epididymal Spermatozoa. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1999.

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Microsurgery in Pediatric Urology. (PDF, 13 MB) The National Foundation, 1977. Consulting a nutritionist, for example, could help a young woman suffering from anorexia to put on some weight, which might restart her menstrual cycle. Gerrits T, Shaw M (2010). "Biomedical infertility care in sub-Saharan Africa: a social science review of current practices, experiences and view points".

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If conservative medical treatments fail to achieve a full term pregnancy, the physician or WHNP may suggest the patient undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF). Image: “ICSI of marmoset oocytes after in vitro maturation.” by openi. This prevents the sperm from fertilizing the egg. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility?

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Oei SG, Helmerhorst FM, Bloemenkamp KW, Hollants FA, Meerpoel DE, Keirse MJ. Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. Unhealthy living and poor eating habits, as well as exposure to toxic substances such as alcohol, tobacco and other contaminants, also have a negative impact on fertility. Religious leaders' opinions on fertility treatments; for example, the Roman Catholic Church views infertility as a calling to adopt or to use natural treatments (medication, surgery, or cycle charting) and members must reject assisted reproductive technologies. Outlook For couples who experience fertility problems and those who wish to have children at an older age, there are more options available than ever before. The Three-kidney Rat Model. (PDF, 2 MB) Investigative Urology, 1974. Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. For patients with a history of endometriosis, pelvic infections, or ectopic pregnancy, evaluation with hysteroscopy or laparoscopy is recommended.