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It is more successful in women who have previously been pregnant. Ejaculatory duct obstruction Complete and partial ejaculatory duct obstruction has been implicated as a cause of 1-5% of patients with male infertility. The following is a list of hormonal disorders which can disrupt male infertility: Hyperprolactinemia: Elevated prolactin--a hormone associated with nursing mothers, is found in 10 to 40 percent of infertile males.  Mild elevation of prolactin levels produces no symptoms, but greater elevations of the hormone reduces sperm production, reduces libido and may cause impotence.  This condition responds well to the drug Parlodel (bromocriptine). 8 Patients should be counseled that 50% of couples who have not conceived in the first year of trying will conceive in the second year. Role of Epididymis in Sperm Maturation. (PDF, 3 MB) Urology, 1989. Exposure to toxic agents can occur from occupational hazards or contaminated air, water, food supply or other exposures.

Management of the infertile couple: an evidence-based protocol. Premature Ejaculation: Is defined as an inability to control the ejaculatory response for at least thirty seconds following penetration.  Premature ejaculation becomes a fertility problem when ejaculation occurs before a man is able to fully insert his penis into his partner�s vagina.  Premature ejaculation can be overcome by artificial insemination or by using a behavioral modification technique called the �squeeze technique� which desensitizes the penis. These adverse effects were reported in older women with advanced breast cancer who were given the drugs on a daily basis over several months. Choose a single article, issue, or full-access subscription. IUI is more commonly done when the man has a low sperm count, decreased sperm motility, or when infertility does not have an identifiable cause. Fertility treatments for women Fertility drugs might be prescribed to regulate or induce ovulation.

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Obesity may also lead to less frequent ovulation or to less frequent intercourse, thereby contributing to fertility problems. It can also help if a man has severe erectile dysfunction. Epidemiology[edit] Prevalence of infertility varies depending on the definition, i.e. on the time span involved in the failure to conceive. Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called embryo transfer. It may also prevent the sperm from reaching the egg. For men, a visual inspection of sexual characteristics can identify such endocrinopathies as hypogonadism (a condition resulting in atrophy or deficient development of secondary sexual characteristics) or Klinefelter’s syndrome (a genetic anomaly often associated with infertility).

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Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Lévy R, Czernichow S; Obesity-Fertility Collaborative Group. Treatment is with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) or exogenous FSH. Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility.

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Requirements for Male Fertility (Continued) The ability to transmit the spermatozoa to the female vagina is also important. Painful or heavy periods Most women experience cramps with their periods. It is more successful in women who have previously been pregnant. Donor semen should be free from any STI-producing organisms, including HIV. Your doctor will analyze your semen analysis carefully and help you decide if ICSI is an appropriate treatment for you. Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability. This may be used if IVF has not been effective, if there has been poor embryo growth rate, and if the woman is older. There are three main types of sperm antibodies: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin M(IgM). Management of the infertile couple: an evidence-based protocol.