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Options for treatment may include: Treatment with antibiotics, in cases of infection Surgical correction, in order to remove a varicocele, reverse a vasectomy, or repair a duct obstruction Medications or fertility drugs to improve sperm production In cases where the above treatments are unsuccessful, or when the cause of male infertility is unknown or untreatable, IUI treatment or IVF treatment may be suggested. Normal Pregnancies Resulting from Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection for Azoospermia Due to Maturation Arrest. (PDF, 6 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1996. In these methods, fertilization occurs inside the body. The interstitium between the seminiferous tubules contains the Leydig cells, fibroblasts, lymphatics, blood vessels, and macrophages. Also attached is a fiber optic cable system connected to a "cold" light source (halogen or xenon), to illuminate the operative field, which is inserted through a 5 mm or 10 mm cannula or trocar.

A karyotype test and a Y chromosome test for microdeletions are indicated in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia or severe oligospermia (< 5 million sperm/mL), although indications are expanding.[20] Klinefelter syndrome Klinefelter syndrome is the most common chromosomal cause of male infertility, estimated to be present in 1 per 500-1000 male births. Erectile Disfunction (ED): Also known as impotence, this condition is common and affects 20 million American men.  ED is the result of a single, or more commonly a combination of multiple factors.  In the past, ED was thought to be the result of psychological problems, but new research indicates that 90 percent of cases are organic in nature.  However, most men who suffer from ED have a secondary psychological problem that can worsen the situation like performance anxiety, guilt, and low self-esteem.  Many of the common causes of impotence include:  diabetes, high blood pressure, heart and vascular disease, stress, hormone problems, pelvic surgery, trauma, venous leak, and the side effects of frequently prescribed medications (i.e. Shaban says that often, there is embarrassment. “Guys confuse libido and potency with fertility. 3) Tubal occlusion (blockage): As discussed previously, a history of sexually transmitted infections including chlamydia, gonorrhea, or pelvic inflammatory disease can predispose a woman to having blocked fallopian tubes.

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Couples who do not conceive after treatment for six cycles with documented ovulation should also consider referral to an infertility specialist. What Forms of Male Infertility are there left to Cure? (PDF, 2 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Erectile dysfunction Hormonal changes, psychological factors, or physical issues may make it difficult to get or keep an erection.

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Evaluation of cervical mucus is unreliable; therefore, investigation is not helpful with the management of infertility. Blood test: This can assess hormone levels and whether a woman is ovulating. Ideally, patients respond to replacement with exogenous GnRH or HCG, an LH analogue, although this does not always occur. Laboratory studies have suggested that long-term acetaminophen use during pregnancy may affect fertility in males by lowering testosterone production.

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The patient's electrolyte levels must be checked to consider the need for diuretics. Women who experience very heavy, painful periods may be showing signs of endometriosis, a condition where tissues usually found in the womb are present elsewhere in the body. Sherman Silber: Be Fruitful and Multiply. (PDF, 6 MB) Lifestyles Magazine, 1999. Enzymatic Digestion of Testicular Tissue May Rescue the Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycle in Some Patients with Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1998. Disorders of the hypothalamus lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Intra-uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility. The cause of sterility can also be found in the tubes. Theoretically, with this therapy, we can get artificial gamets in vitro. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Embryos Derived from Testicular Sperm Extraction. (PDF, 324 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2003. Abnormal sperm: The sperm may have an unusual shape, making it harder to move and fertilize an egg. Hypospadias affects about 1 in every 500 newborn boys. Many health conditions can make it hard to get pregnant. 37,38 The addition of 1,500 to 1,700 mg of metformin (Glucophage) daily may increase ovulation and pregnancy rates, but it does not significantly improve live birth rates over clomiphene alone.