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Treatment depends on the cause of infertility and varies from ovulation-inducing drugs to surgery to ART.Continued Hysteroscopy . In this procedure, your doctor places a hysteroscope into your uterus through your cervix. It is more successful in women who have previously been pregnant. Men with Infertility Caused by AZFc Deletion can Produce Sons by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, but are Likely to Transmit the Deletion and Infertility. (PDF, 102 KB) Human Reproduction, 1999. Infertility caused by DNA defects on the Y chromosome is passed on from father to son.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Infertility. (PDF, 53 KB) Nature Genetics, 2001. IVF is Generally Performed in the Following Manner: The woman undergoes gonadotropin injections, which stimulate the ovaries to produce many eggs. This seems to result in a significant improvement in fertility, although some studies disagree.

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Epididymal Surgery. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 8 from textbook, Infertility, 1992. The testicle contains the Leydig cells and the Sertoli cells and is covered by the tunica albuginea, which also provides septae that divide it into approximately 200-350 pyramids (see image below). Factors affecting Fertility Caffeinated beverages: - No evidence on effect of caffeine on fertility. Alcohol - Female patients should be informed that 1 or 2 units of alcohol once or twice per week reduces risk of harming a developing fetus. - Intoxication may affect semen quality.

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Recent Advances in Male Reproductive Surgery. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 13 from Annual Progress in Reproductive Medicine, 1993. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Embryos Derived from Testicular Sperm Extraction. (PDF, 324 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2003. We now have 2 amazing children who are now 5 and 3 years old!

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Generally, evaluation should be offered to couples who have not conceived after one year of unprotected vaginal intercourse. Studies on Testicular Biopsies from Vasectomized Men. (PDF, 18 MB) Chapter 21 from Vasectomy: Immunologic and Pathophysiologic Effects in Animals and Man, 1979. Pregnancy after Vasovasostomy for Vasectomy Reversal: A Study of Factors Followed for 10 Years. (PDF, 3 MB)Human Reproduction, 1989. Stem cell therapy[edit] Nowadays, there are several treatments (still in experimentation) related with stem cell therapy. Normal Pregnancies Resulting from Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection for Azoospermia Due to Maturation Arrest. (PDF, 6 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1996. Ejaculatory Duct Obstruction. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1980. It does not affect the couples' life only, but it also affects the healthcare services and social environment [4]. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Infertility. (PDF, 53 KB) Nature Genetics, 2001. BMI (body mass index) may be a significant factor in fertility, as an increase in BMI in the male by as little as three units can be associated with infertility. Round Spermatid Injection. (PDF, 422 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2000. For example, polycystic ovarian syndrome is when the eggs only partially developed within the ovary and there is an excess of male hormones. Many other surgeons feel that since they will have to make a larger incision for specimen removal anyway, they might as well use this incision to have their hand in the operative field during the procedure to aid as a retractor, dissector, and to be able to feel differing tissue densities (palpate), as they would in open surgery. There may be testicular malformations, hormone imbalance, or blockage of the man's duct system. Ejaculation disorders: If the ejaculatory ducts are blocked, semen may be ejaculated into the bladder Hormonal imbalance: Hypogonadism, for example, can lead to a testosterone deficiency. In women, both smoking and alcohol use are associated with lower rates of conception and increased rates of spontaneous abortion. The incidence rate of ectopic pregnancy after surgery is in the range of 5%.