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44 Therefore, a simple recommendation is for vaginal intercourse every two to three days to optimize the chance of pregnancy. Clinical Characterization of 42 Oligospermic or Azoospermic Men with Microdeletion of the AZFc Region of the Y Chromosome, and of 18 Children Conceived via ICSI. (PDF, 606 KB) Human Reproduction, 2002. Fertilizing Capacity of Epididymal and Testicular Sperm with ICSI. (PDF, 5 MB) Frontiers in Endocrinology, 1995. In order to maximize the patient’s chances for successful fertilization, physicians typically use ovarian stimulation medications rather than using the single egg normally developed each cycle.

Algorithm for infertility evaluation. (ART = assisted reproductive technology.) Infertility Evaluation Figure 1. It is found in approximately 10-50% of reproductive-aged women and can be associated with infertility as well as pain during intercourse and/or menstrual periods. Male infertility tests: Going under the microscope Identifying the cause of a man's infertility is as much an art as a science. “The first step is an evaluation by a physician specializing in male infertility,” says Stephen Shaban, MD, a urologist specializing in male reproductive medicine and microsurgery in Raleigh, North Carolina. The severity usually depends on how near to the testicles the radiation was aimed.

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The epididymis additionally secretes substances for sperm nutrition and protection such as glycerophosphorylcholine, carnitine, and sialic acid. The abnormalities need to be evaluated from a genetic point of view because any male offspring would inherit the same issue as the father.

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Other considerations include preconception screening and vaccination for preventable diseases such as rubella and varicella, sexually transmitted infections, and cervical cancer, based on appropriate guidelines and risk. Fertility Evaluation: Obstetric and Gynecological History The obstetric and gynecological history should include: Reproductive history (children, mode of delivery, prematurity, stillbirth, extrauterine pregnancy, spontaneous and induced abortion, fertility and infertility in earlier relationships). 8 However, if your doctor diagnoses you with infertility, then it’s likely that you’ll need some additional help to conceive.  This may be as simple as timing when you have sex, or you may need more advanced fertility treatment.   Discovering that you’re infertile can be overwhelming, but the right support can help you to conceive successfully. This procedure is done by ultrasound guidance when the surgeon utilizes a narrow needle to retrieve eggs from the ovary through the vaginal wall. 4) Uterine fibroids: Fibroids are very common (approximately 40% of women may have them) and the mere presence alone does not necessarily cause infertility.

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Infection and Disease: Mumps, tuberculosis, brucellosis, gonorrhea, typhoid, influenza, smallpox, and syphilis can cause testicular atrophy.  A low sperm count and low sperm motility are indicators of this condition.  Also, elevated FSH levels and other hormonal problems are indicative of testicular damage.  Some STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause infertility by blocking the epididimis or tubes.  These conditions are usually treated by hormonal replacement therapy and surgery in the case of tubular blockage. Mental stress: This may affect female ovulation and male sperm production and can lead to reduced sexual activity. The ovum has a much shorter life expectancy – less than 1 day if it is not fertilized. 6-Mb Deletion of the Human Y Chromosome Persists Through Balance Between Recurrent Mutation and Haploid Selection. (PDF, 295 KB) Nature Genetics, 2003. Obesity may also lead to less frequent ovulation or to less frequent intercourse, thereby contributing to fertility problems.