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Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. Spermatid Conception. (PDF, 1 MB) Human Reproduction, 1998.

This indicates whether the fallopian tubes are open or blocked. Treatment of hydrosalpinx (distal tubal obstruction) with salpingostomy can be performed through microsurgery or operative laparoscopy. For a man to be fertile, the testicles must produce enough healthy sperm to be ejaculated effectively into the woman's vagina. Risk factors for both men and women are the same and these include age, stress, being underweight or overweight, diet, smoking, alcohol and drugs. Carcinoma in the Bladder Left Behind. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. We get information regarding the woman's potential for adequate ovarian stimulation with medications by counting antral follicles.

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The principal indications for CC use are oligomenorrhea, especially polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and for patients with slight menstrual irregularities. Infertility tests for women A woman will undergo a general physical examination, and the doctor will ask about her medical history, medications, menstruation cycle, and sexual habits.

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Other conditions Various other lesions and diseases, such as CNS tumors, temporal lobe seizures, and many drugs (eg, dopamine antagonists) may interrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary axis at the hypothalamus. It is specially oriented for cancer patients, whose sperm is destroyed due to the gonadotoxic treatment they are submitted to.[70] Ovaric stem cells: it is thought that women have a finite number of follicles from the very beginning. Sterility can affect both men and women, with the cause involving either one or both parties. If there's a problem with the mucus, it can make it harder to conceive. Bladder neck closure during ejaculation is vital to ensure antegrade ejaculation.

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Several studies have demonstrated that an increase in BMI is correlated with a decrease in sperm concentration, a decrease in motility and an increase DNA damage in sperm. 30–32 Other treatment options include antiestrogens and gonadotropin therapy, which showed a trend toward increased live birth rates in a Cochrane review. Instructions for collecting the sample should include abstinence from ejaculation for 48 to 72 hours. If the epididymis is blocked, sperm may not be ejaculated properly. It is also non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.[3] Procedures[edit] Surgeons perform laparoscopic stomach surgery. Clomiphene citrate for unexplained subfertility in women. Open-ended Vasectomy, Sperm Granuloma, and Postvasectomy Orchialgia. (PDF, 13 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1979. Although tubal disease was the original indication for IVF, many more indications have developed over the years. They are very common (approximately 40% of women have them them). Endometrial polyps Endometrial polyps are growths found in the uterine cavity. It's used to remove polyps and fibroid tumors, divide scar tissue, and open up blocked tubes. Surgical sperm aspiration: The sperm is removed from part of the male reproductive tract, such as the vas deferens, testicle, or epididymis. High-cost treatments are out of financial reach for some couples.