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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection[edit] ICSI technique is used in case of poor semen quality, low sperm count or failed fertilization attempts during prior IVF cycles. Careful monitoring during treatment and pregnancy can help reduce the risk of complications. Outside pregnancy and lactation, women with high levels of prolactin may have irregular ovulation cycles and fertility problems. If it stays in there, complications can develop, such as the rupture of the fallopian tube. Primary sterility exists when the couple has never fallen pregnant and secondary sterility when the issue arises following one successful pregnancy but no further pregnancies.

It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability.[22] Causes[edit] Immune infertility[edit] Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples.[23] In both men and women, ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. Factors contributing to the formation of antisperm antibodies in women are disturbance of normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, infection, violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, rape and unprotected oral or anal sex. The drugs are indicated for diseases like corpus luteum insufficiency, anovulational cycles, and normogonadotropic amenorrhea.

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Bromocriptine and cabergoline are dopamine agonists used to suppress prolactin levels. Large submucosal uterine fibroids may make the uterus' cavity bigger, increasing the distance the sperm has to travel.

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Thyroid problems: An overactive or underactive thyroid gland can lead to a hormonal imbalance. Controversy exists regarding whether to routinely repair an adolescent varicocele not associated with testicular atrophy. Abnormalities of the uterus like the uterus bicornis, uterus septa or hypoplasia of the uterus less frequently result in contraceptional barriers but can cause miscarriages. Unexpected resilience of species with temperature-dependent sex determination at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary. (PDF, 238 KB) Biology Letters, 2010. Medical conditions Some medical conditions can affect fertility. Finding out that you're infertile can be an unpleasant surprise, to say the least. “Many men feel emotional stress with a diagnosis of infertility,” says Ross.

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The mature oocytes are put onto a special culture medium and stored in the incubator. The acrosome should be 40-70% of the size of the head, and no mid piece or tail abnormalities should be present. Germ cells interdigitate with the Sertoli cells and undergo ordered maturation, migrating toward the lumen as they mature. This applies to the ability to conceive with her eggs, but not with donor eggs. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) – This test is essential for evaluating fallopian tubal patency, uterine filling defects such as fibroids and polyps, and scarring of the uterine cavity (Asherman syndrome). 6,8,23 A high FSH level (10 to 20 mIU per mL [10 to 20 IU per L]) drawn on day 3 of the menstrual cycle is associated with infertility. Several studies have demonstrated that an increase in BMI is correlated with a decrease in sperm concentration, a decrease in motility and an increase DNA damage in sperm. The pituitary gland produces these hormones, so any problems with this gland may also influence infertility. An estimated 34 million women, predominantly from developing countries, have infertility which resulted from maternal sepsis and unsafe abortion (long term maternal morbidity resulting in a disability). Estrogen excess may be seen in patients with Sertoli cell tumors, Leydig tumors, liver failure, or severe obesity. These endometrial cells can extend as far as the outside of the fallopian tubes, the ovaries and the bladder.