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Sterility is classified into two groups, primary and secondary. The acrosome should be 40-70% of the size of the head, and no mid piece or tail abnormalities should be present. 2. serum progesterone in the mid-luteal phase of their cycle (day 21 of a 28-day cycle) even if they have regular menstrual cycles. Hysteroscopy can also be combined with laparoscopy when necessary. Duration of Fertility after Fresh and Frozen Ovary Transplantation. (PDF, 606 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2010. The ICSI process takes place following a cycle during which fertility drugs are administered to the female partner to aid in the production of multiple eggs.

Some of the features include: Visual magnification — use of a large viewing screen improves visibility Stabilization — Electromechanical damping of vibrations, due to machinery or shaky human hands Simulators — use of specialized virtual reality training tools to improve physicians' proficiency in surgery [33] Reduced number of incisions There has been a distinct lack of disclosure regarding nano-scale developments in keyhole surgery and remote medicine, a "disparity of disclosure" which does not correlate with the rapid advancements in both the medical and nanotechnology fields over the last two decades.[citation needed] Robotic surgery has been touted as a solution to underdeveloped nations, whereby a single central hospital can operate several remote machines at distant locations. A Physical Map of the Human Y Chromosome. (PDF, 160 KB) Nature, 2001. With the fast progression in reproductive medicine and the experiences gained through infertility management, a wider range of treatment options have become available to infertile couples [17-19,21-26,31,36], (Appendix 4). Ovulation induction agents increase the risk of multiple pregnancy, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and thrombosis, and they may increase the risk of ovarian cancer in women who remain nulliparous.

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In fact, the “window of opportunity” for fertilization is thought to last only a few hours, thus requiring sperm availability in the female genital tract at or shortly before ovulation. A woman who keeps having miscarriages is also considered infertile.

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The FAST study: fertility assessment and advice targeting lifestyle choices and behaviours: a pilot study. 389 KB ARTICLES FROM THE 1980s Microsurgical Reversal of Female Sterilization: The Role of Tubal Length. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1980. Showell MG, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, Hart RJ. Endometriosis Endometriosis is when the tissue of the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. Vause TD, Cheung AP, Sierra S, et al.; Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. Review Questions The answers can be found below the references.

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There is no reliable treatment, although microsurgery may be attempted. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? Other medical techniques are e.g. tuboplasty, assisted hatching, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. The avascular nature of the septum is theorized to interfere with implantation and maintenance of the embryo. These time intervals would seem to be reversed; this is an area where public policy trumps science. Each country has its own body or bodies responsible for the inspection and licensing of fertility treatment under the EU Tissues and Cells directive [78] Regulatory bodies are also found in Canada [79] and in the state of Victoria in Australia [80] See also[edit] [edit] Inhorn MC (2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt". In-vitro fertilization and donor insemination are major procedures involved.