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Refinements in the Methodology of Injection for Transvaginal Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer. (PDF, 2 MB) Human Reproduction, 1994. Other causes may include: Genetic factors: A man should have an X and Y chromosome. If endometriosis is found, it can be surgically removed by various methods, and its removal may lead to a decrease in pain as well as improvement in the ability to conceive naturally. In reproductive medicine, the most common surgical procedures are laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and abdominal myomectomy (removal of uterine fibroids).

1) Advancing maternal age: Historically before the latter 20th century, women were conceiving in their teens and twenties, when age-related abnormalities with the egg were not evident. There are three main types of sperm antibodies: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin M(IgM). Laparoscopy for Cryptorchidism. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1980. Simultaneous Treatment of the Wife in Infertile Couples with Oligospermia. (PDF, 4 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1983. Retrograde Ejaculation: Is a condition in which semen is ejaculated into the bladder rather than out through the urethra because the bladder sphincter does not close during ejaculation.  If this disorder is present, ejaculate volume is small and urine may be cloudy after ejaculation.  This condition affects 1. Endometriosis: Cells that normally occur within the lining of the uterus start growing elsewhere in the body.

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Gonadotropins can trigger ovulation when Clomid or Serophene don't work. Other causes of ovulation disorders include ovarian insufficiency and hypothalamic amenorrhea. Their cumulative probabilities of conception are 60% within the first 6 months, 84% within the first year, and 92% within the second year of regular fertility-focused sexual activity. The majority of men with varicocele present no symptoms.

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If the epididymis is blocked, sperm may not be ejaculated properly. In 1985, Erich Mühe performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy. WHO Manual for the Standardized Investigation and Diagnosis of the Infertile Couple.

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Those who prefer surgery first argue that because the size of endometriosis decreases, lesions that cannot be observed during surgery may be present; therefore, the operation is less than ideal and is associated with an increased chance for early recurrence. There are different studies, for both women and men.[69] Spermatogonial stem cells trasplant: it takes places in the seminiferous tubule. The physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap cervical cap, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the conception device on the cervix, or intrauterine insemination (IUI), in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. It also gives them more options in dealing with unexpected adverse events (e.g., uncontrolled bleeding) that may otherwise require creating a much larger incision and converting to a fully open surgical procedure.[5] Conceptually, the laparoscopic approach is intended to minimise post-operative pain and speed up recovery times, while maintaining an enhanced visual field for surgeons. Mumps, leading to orchitis (testicular inflammation), may cause secondary testicular atrophy in the small number of men infected after puberty. Spermatid Conception. (PDF, 1 MB) Human Reproduction, 1998. Computer-aided semen analysis (CASA) Introduced in the late 1980s, CASA uses a video camera and computer to visualize and analyze sperm concentration and movement. With this treatment, the patient experience spermatogenesis, and therefore, it has the chance to have offspring if he wants to. Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), ... Ovulation of the egg occurs approximately 2 weeks before the start of the next period. GIFT (gamete intrafallopian tube transfer) and ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer).  Like IVF, these procedures involve retrieving an egg, combining it with sperm in a lab, and then transferring it back to your body.