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Poor egg quality: Eggs that are damaged or develop genetic abnormalities cannot sustain a pregnancy. While chromosomal failure is usually caused by abnormalities of the sex chromosomes, autosomal disorders are also observed. We recommend immediate evaluation for a couple attempting pregnancy when the woman has a prior history of pelvic infection.

Vause TD, Cheung AP, Sierra S, et al.; Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. Earn up to 6 CME credits per issue.     To see the full article, log in or purchase access.

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This should be followed by documentation of ovulation via serum progesterone. Constant irrigation with Ringer lactate solution and heparin prevents fibrin formation. Opinion: Microsurgical TESE and the Distribution of Spermatogenesis in Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 5 MB)Human Reproduction, 2000. Surgical Intervention Uterine anomalies can be corrected through operative hysteroscopy under general anesthesia or conscious sedation. [116] Ideally, the procedure should be performed during the early follicular phase and under laparoscopic surveillance to decrease the risk of uterine perforation. The Relationship of Abnormal Semen Values to Pregnancy Outcome. (PDF, 770 KB) Chapter 10 from textbook, 1992. Large submucosal uterine fibroids may make the uterus' cavity bigger, increasing the distance the sperm has to travel.

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Counseling Fertility clinics should address the psycho-social and emotional needs of infertile couples as well as their medical needs. Pregnancy Caused by Sperm from Vasa Efferentia. (PDF, 1 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1988. In some women, and especially with age, the membrane becomes harder. Unlike female infertility (where irregular periods may hint at a problem), obvious symptoms are not common with male infertility. Blockage of the ejaculatory duct: Sperm can be extracted directly from the testicles and injected into an egg in the laboratory.

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A Physical Map of the Human Y Chromosome. (PDF, 160 KB) Nature, 2001. First Fallopian Tube-Ovary Transplant Carried Out. (PDF, 2 MB) Welcome Trends in Ob/Gyn, 1985. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Occurs when the pituitary is suppressed by increased levels of adrenal androgens.  Symptoms include low sperm count, an increased number of immature sperm cells, and low sperm cell motility.  Is treated with cortisone replacement therapy.  This condition is found in only 1 percent of infertile men. Live Birth Following Day Surgery Reversal of Female Sterilisation in Women Older then 40 Year: A Realistic Option in Australia? (PDF, 156 KB) Medical Journal of Australia, 2007. In many cases, there are tests that can help find the cause(s) of male infertility. Up to 2 percent of men are thought to have suboptimal sperm. Aromatase inhibitors are available for clinical use and FDA approved for treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer, but not for ovulation induction. Those with isolated right-sided varicoceles should be evaluated for retroperitoneal pathology. Smoking: Smoking significantly increases the risk of infertility in both men and women, and it may undermine the effects of fertility treatment.