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4 mL and an increase in sperm density by 10-15 million sperm/mL, for up to 7 days. Pelvic inflammatory disease or STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea may cause these blockages in the fallopian tubes. A relationship also exists between obesity and erectile dysfunction (ED). Sperm can survive inside the female for up to 5 days, while an egg can be fertilized for up to 1 day after ovulation. Another requirement for male fertility is a normal ductal system. Treatment of Male-factor Infertility. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 9 from Progress in Infertility, 1993.

Treatment of Female Infertility: Ovulation Induction Agents The main agents used for the induction of ovulation include: Clomiphene citrate is an orally active, nonsteroidal agent structurally similar to estrogen. However, a woman who does not ovulate at each menstrual cycle is not necessarily going through menopause. Normal Fertilization of Human Oocytes after Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection.(PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1994. Nowadays, given the huge emotional impact caused by pregnancy loss, in those cases where two pregnancy losses have taken place, an analysis and treatment is advised. Medications Testosterone replacement therapy, long-term anabolic steroid use, cancer medications (chemotherapy), certain antifungal medications, some ulcer drugs and certain other medications can impair sperm production and decrease male fertility. For patients with a history of endometriosis, pelvic infections, or ectopic pregnancy, evaluation with hysteroscopy or laparoscopy is recommended.

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Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. An increased volume is rarely observed and is often caused by a contaminant, such as urine. Transvaginal ultrasound – Ultrasound is an important tool in evaluating the structure of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries. Regardless of the treatment approach, establish a 6- to 12-month interval during which a spontaneous pregnancy is expected to occur. FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells to facilitate sperm production, while LH stimulates testosterone release from the Leydig cells.

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Metformin (Glucophage): If Clomifene is not effective, metformin may help women with PCOS, especially when linked to insulin resistance. Endometriosis can only be confirmed by surgery, usually laparoscopy. Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Causes of Infertility Affecting Both Partners Some causes of infertility, such as psychological causes, may be relevant to both partners. The Treatment of Azoospermia with Surgery and ICSI. (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter 10 from Male Fertility & Infertility, 1998.

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While chromosomal failure is usually caused by abnormalities of the sex chromosomes, autosomal disorders are also observed. Retrograde Ejaculation: Is a condition in which semen is ejaculated into the bladder rather than out through the urethra because the bladder sphincter does not close during ejaculation.  If this disorder is present, ejaculate volume is small and urine may be cloudy after ejaculation.  This condition affects 1. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The ovaries function abnormally and ovulation may not occur. Role of Epididymis in Sperm Maturation. (PDF, 3 MB) Urology, 1989. Following his lecture on laparoscopic appendectomy, the president of the German Surgical Society wrote to the Board of Directors of the German Gynecological Society suggesting suspension of Semm from medical practice. Evaluating the Infertile Male – Part 1. (PDF, 5 MB) Contemporary OB/GYN, 2004. For those interested, we offer a free class entitled, “The Couple’s Guide to IVF”, that meets twice monthly and is open to the public. Delayed conception and active and passive smoking. Segmental dysplasia is defined as a vas deferens with at least 2 distinct sites of vasal obstruction. Causes of infertility include genetic abnormalities, certain acute and chronic diseases, exposure to certain environmental toxins, smoking, and excessive alcohol use (2).