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CASA measures the following parameters: Curvilinear velocity – The average distance per unit time between successive sperm positions) Straight-line velocity – The speed of forward direction Linearity – The straight-line velocity divided by the curvilinear velocity In addition, the program measures the average path velocity, the amplitude of lateral head displacement, and the flagellar beat frequency, and it is used to evaluate for evidence of hyperactivation. ART techniques generally start with stimulating the ovaries to increase egg production. The success rate of IVF for live birth is 40% among women under 35 years of age. This test is based on the fact that the ovaries produce progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle after a woman has ovulated. Then, generally one or two embryos, which have demonstrated appropriate development, are carefully and gently transferred into the uterine cavity.

Although many of these can be treated through surgery or hormonal substitutions, some may be indefinite.[59] Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm may be caused by primary ciliary dyskinesia. Other infectious diseases that may affect fertility include tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, malaria, schistosomiasis and leprosy.

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The facilities available and the skills of personnel are the major determining factors for the success rate. Treatment of Uterine Factors Until in vitro fertilization became available, a patient with congenital absence of the uterus and vagina (Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome) had no chance to have a biologic child. Successful Pregnancy after Microsurgical Transplantation of an Intact Ovary. (PDF, 438 KB) The New England Journal of Medicine, 2008. Ovulation-inducing drugs and ovarian cancer risk: results from an extended follow-up of a large United States infertility cohort. GnRH travels down the portal system to the anterior pituitary, located on a stalk in the sella turcica, to stimulate the release of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

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The effect of age upon men's fertility is less clear.[citation needed] In people going forward for IVF in the UK, roughly half of fertility problems with a diagnosed cause are due to problems with the man, and about half due to problems with the woman. Patients with azoospermia or severe oligospermia are more likely to have a chromosomal abnormality (10-15%) than infertile men with sperm density within the reference range (1%).

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Understanding what defines normal fertility is crucial to helping a person, or couple, know when it is time to seek help. Also, polymorphisms in folate pathway genes could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility.[62] However, a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications in sperm may be partially responsible.[63][64] Diagnosis[edit] If both partners are young and healthy and have been trying to conceive for one year without success, a visit to a physician or women's health nurse practitioner (WHNP) could help to highlight potential medical problems earlier rather than later. When the eggs are mature, your doctor collects them with a device called a vaginal ultrasound probe. 43 Other low-cost methods of monitoring for ovulation, although less effective, include basal body temperature measurements and cervical mucus changes. In GIFT, the sperm and eggs are mixed together before a doctor inserts them. Transvaginal or abdominal paracentesis should be performed if the patient becomes uncomfortable. Tubal microsurgery and laparoscopic tubal surgery: - May be more effective than no treatment. - No strong evidence. (e.g.: fimbrial end dilatation) 2. Intrauterine insemination 50% of women will conceive after 6 cycles. Half of the unsuccessful ones, will conceive with further 6 cycles. It is artificial introduction of semen inside the female’s uterus. Success rate varies, lie between 15% to 20% per cycle. A smaller amount may suggest a structural or hormonal problem leading to deficient semen production; 2) sperm concentration – normal concentration should be at least 20 million sperm per 1 ml of semen. This test measures the ability of the sperm to penetrate a specially prepared egg from an animal, usually a hamster. It is very important that these injuries be recognized as early as possible.[26] Some patients have sustained electrical burns unseen by surgeons who are working with electrodes that leak current into surrounding tissue. Abnormality in any of those regions may indicate abnormal sperm function and compromise the ability of sperm to fertilize the egg. Small calculi may block the ejaculatory ducts, or prostatic cysts may extrinsically block the ducts. Sperm production problems One of the most common causes of male infertility is problems with sperm production.