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Men who are underweight tend to have lower sperm concentrations than those who are at a normal BMI. The feelings experienced by the infertile couples include depression, grief, guilt, shame, and inadequacy with social isolation. Couples may decide to go ahead regardless if the desire to become pregnant is very strong. Infection and Disease: Mumps, tuberculosis, brucellosis, gonorrhea, typhoid, influenza, smallpox, and syphilis can cause testicular atrophy.  A low sperm count and low sperm motility are indicators of this condition.  Also, elevated FSH levels and other hormonal problems are indicative of testicular damage.  Some STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause infertility by blocking the epididimis or tubes.  These conditions are usually treated by hormonal replacement therapy and surgery in the case of tubular blockage. Therefore, data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly.[8] A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be subfertile, meaning less fertile than a typical couple.

Intrauterine insemination. For this procedure, after semen gets rinsed with a special solution, a doctor places it into your uterus when you're ovulating. Problems with sexual intercourse These can include trouble keeping or maintaining an erection sufficient for sex (erectile dysfunction), premature ejaculation, painful intercourse, anatomical abnormalities such as having a urethral opening beneath the penis (hypospadias), or psychological or relationship problems that interfere with sex. Microsurgery for Vasectomy Reversal and Vasoepididymostomy. (PDF, 13 MB) Urology, 1984. The use of Epididymal and Testicular Spermatozoa for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: The Genetic Implications for Male Infertility. (PDF, 8 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Women who experience very heavy, painful periods may be showing signs of endometriosis, a condition where tissues usually found in the womb are present elsewhere in the body. 21,22 Evaluation of Women Jump to section + The etiology of female infertility can be broken down into ovulation disorders, uterine abnormalities, tubal obstruction, and peritoneal factors.

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Nonliquefication of the semen can be differentiated from benign hyperviscosity by a normal postcoital test finding. Although many of these can be treated through surgery or hormonal substitutions, some may be indefinite.[59] Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm may be caused by primary ciliary dyskinesia. These drugs also can also help you get pregnant by causing your ovaries to release multiple eggs. The Use of Epididymal Sperm in Assisted Reproduction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994.

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Women older than 35 years or couples with known risk factors for infertility may warrant evaluation at six months. At this point, psychological consultation and support should be provided [44]. If a severe sperm defect is discovered, the testing on the female partner should be modified, and therapy can be immediately directed to the sperm problem.

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This can make it difficult for the embryo to implant. Females[edit] The following causes of infertility may only be found in females. Possible problems could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization, that it may not enter the fallopian tube, sperm may not be able to reach the egg, fertilization may fail to occur, transport of the zygote may be disturbed, or implantation fails. Ejaculation disorders Ejaculation disorders include premature ejaculation, anejaculation (the failure to ejaculate), and retrograde ejaculation, which is when semen enters the bladder during orgasm instead of coming out the tip of the penis. If conservative medical treatments fail to achieve a full term pregnancy, the physician or WHNP may suggest the patient undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF). Adequate nutritional and health status to maintain nutrition and oxygenation of placenta and fetus. Microsurgery in Clinical Urology. (PDF, 5 MB) Urology, 1975. With this treatment, the patient experience spermatogenesis, and therefore, it has the chance to have offspring if he wants to. Nevertheless, scientists have found these stem cells, which may generate new oocites in postnatal conditions. Coutifaris C, Myers ER, Guzick DS, et al.; NICHD National Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network. The only disadvantage with BBT is that in many instances, the shift does not occur in a clear way, and the patient misses the time of ovulation. Disorders of sexual differentiation result in infertility (eg, hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism).