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Are Sequence Family Variants Useful for Identifying Deletions in the Human Y Chromosome? (PDF, 377 KB) The American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004. 17 Evaluation of male infertility starts with a history and physical examination focusing on previous fertility, pelvic or inguinal surgeries, systemic diseases, and exposures. As the major causes of infertility are sperm abnormalities, ovulation dysfunction, and fallopian tube obstruction, the preliminary adviced investigations for the infertile couple should be focused on semen analysis (to be compared with the WHO reference values [27]), detection of ovarian function by hormonal assay (early follicular FSH and LH levels, and mid-luteal progesterone), and evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingography (HSG) [17-32], (Appendix 3). Low sperm mobility (motility): The sperm cannot "swim" as well as they should to reach the egg.

They're then stored inside yards of “plumbing” called the epididymis, which lies on top of each testicle. Medication. If you have ovulation problems, you may be prescribed drugs such as clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene), gonadotropins (such as Gonal-F, Follistim, Humegon and Pregnyl), or letrozole. Varicocele: Surgically removing a varicose vein in the scrotum may help.

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Up to 2 percent of men are thought to have suboptimal sperm. Fibroids that distort the uterine cavity have an impact on the ability of an embryo to implant and should be removed surgically.

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ICSI with Epididymal and Testicular Sperm Retrieval. (PDF, 1 MB) Male Sterility and Motility Disorders: Etiological Factors and Treatment, 1998. Techniques for the Resolution of Testicular Obstruction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 78 from textbook, Reconstructive Urology, 1992. Cervical mucus problems  When you're ovulating, mucus in your cervix becomes thinner so sperm can swim through it more easily. 9 Because anxiety over infertility may cause increased stress and decreased libido, further compounding the problem, formal counseling is encouraged for couples experiencing infertility. Risk factors Risk factors that increase the risk include: Smoking significantly increases your risk of infertility Age: The ability to conceive starts to fall around the age of 32 years.

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Each country has its own body or bodies responsible for the inspection and licensing of fertility treatment under the EU Tissues and Cells directive [78] Regulatory bodies are also found in Canada [79] and in the state of Victoria in Australia [80] See also[edit] [edit] Inhorn MC (2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt". Bensdorp AJ, Cohlen BJ, Heineman MJ, Vandekerckhove P. Pro-life opposition to the destruction of embryos not transferred in vivo. Instruments can be introduced through the hysteroscope, allowing the surgeon to remove or correct any anatomic abnormalities. In 1978, the first baby was born as a result of IVF. Defects of tubules that transport sperm There are many different tubes that carry sperm. A Physical Map of the Human Y Chromosome. (PDF, 160 KB) Nature, 2001. Medications, treatments, and drugs Some drugs can affect fertility in a woman. Linthicum, Md.: American Urological Association, Inc.; 2010. However, these tests have only poor to moderate predictive value despite widespread use. A review of systems and physical examination of the endocrine and gynecologic systems should be performed. The Treatment of Azoospermia with Surgery and ICSI. (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter 10 from Male Fertility & Infertility, 1998. This procedure is done by ultrasound guidance when the surgeon utilizes a narrow needle to retrieve eggs from the ovary through the vaginal wall. 549 KB Effect of Age on Male Fertility. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology, 1991. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability.