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These problems with sperm can cause male infertility. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.

Often, varicoceles or past infections such as mumps orchitis are the cause of sterility. Vasectomy and Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 7 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1978. Patients are at increased risk of infertility, even if the testicle is brought down into the scrotum, as the testicle itself may be inherently abnormal. Treatment of the cause: 30. Unexplained infertility: - Ovarian stimulation should not be considered as does not improve pregnancy or birth rates. - Advise to try to conceive for two years of unprotected sexual intercourse before other options. - After two years of failure to conceive, consider IVF/ICSI. Disorders of the hypothalamus lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The presence of anti-sperm antibodies have been found in infertile men, and suppression of these antibodies with corticosteroid treatment has improved the semen quality and increased the rate of conception.

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Infertility a Disease

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Sterility is the inability to conceive and infertility is the inability to complete a full term pregnancy and give birth to a healthy child. Some diseases: Conditions that are sometimes linked to lower fertility in males are anemia, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, and thyroid disease. Clean, Intermittent Self-catheterization in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. 38,39 Family physicians may choose to attempt ovulation induction in anovulatory women (WHO group II) with clomiphene. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult, except notably among certain eusocial species (mostly haplodiploid insects). If the sperm do not have the right shape, or they cannot travel rapidly and accurately towards the egg, conception may be difficult.

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A variety of disorders ranging from hormonal disturbances to physical problems, to psychological problems can cause male infertility.  Although many treatment options are now available, in many cases treatment will not work.  In many instances, male infertility is caused by testicular damage resulting in an inability of the testicle to produce sperm.  Once damaged, the testicle will not usually regain its sperm-making capabilities; this aspect of male infertility is analogous to menopause (though not natural like menopause) for women and cannot usually be treated.  Despite medicine�s limited ability to treat male infertility, many successful treatment options are available for its many causes.  Besides testicular damage, the main causes of male infertility are low sperm production and poor sperm quality.   The Causes of Male Infertility Male infertility has many causes--from hormonal imbalances, to physical problems, to psychological and/or behavioral problems.  Moreover, fertility reflects a man�s �overall� health.  Men who live a healthy lifestyle are more likely to produce healthy sperm.  The following list highlights some lifestyle choices that negatively impact male fertility--it is not all-inclusive: · Smoking--significantly decreases both sperm count and sperm cell motility. · Prolonged use of marijuana and other recreational drugs. · Chronic alcohol abuse. · Anabolic steroid use--causes testicular shrinkage and infertility. · Overly intense exercise--produces high levels of adrenal steroid hormones which cause a    testosterone deficiency resulting in infertility. · Inadequate vitamin C and Zinc in the diet. · Tight underwear--increases scrotal temperature which results in decreased sperm production. · Exposure to environmental hazards and toxins such as pesticides, lead, paint, radiation, radioactive   substances, mercury,  benzene, boron, and heavy metals · Malnutrition and anemia. · Excessive stress! Sterility can affect both men and women, with the cause involving either one or both parties. Hypogonadotropic Hypopituitarism: Low pituitary gland output of LH and FSH.  This condition arrests sperm development and causes the progressive loss of germ cells from the testes and causes the seminiferous tubules and Leydig (testosterone producing) cells to deteriorate.  May be treated with the drug Serophene.  However, if all germ cells are destroyed before treatment commences, the male may be permanently infertile. There are three types of fibroids: 1) subserosal, or fibroids that extend more than 50% outside of the uterus; 2) intramural, where the majority of the fibroid is within the muscle of the uterus without any indentation of the uterine cavity; and 3) submucosal, or fibroids the project into the uterine cavity. Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. CASA measures the following parameters: Curvilinear velocity – The average distance per unit time between successive sperm positions) Straight-line velocity – The speed of forward direction Linearity – The straight-line velocity divided by the curvilinear velocity In addition, the program measures the average path velocity, the amplitude of lateral head displacement, and the flagellar beat frequency, and it is used to evaluate for evidence of hyperactivation.

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Congenital forms of anestrus may be due to lack of function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis or ovarian dysgenesis. An ultrasonography unit and an endocrine laboratory capable of performing daily determinations of E2, FSH, and LH are necessary. [186, 187, 188, 189] Multiple adverse effects and complications may occur during the use of the gonadotropins, including (1) multiple pregnancy (24-33%), (2) ectopic pregnancy (5-8%), (3) miscarriages (15-21%), (4) ovarian torsion and rupture, and (5) ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, which is the most severe. [190, 191] Whittemore et al, using a large combined data set derived from case-controlled studies in the United States, showed that the increase of ovarian cancer associated with infertility might be due to the use of fertility drugs. [192] Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is an iatrogenic condition that occurs in patients undergoing ovulation induction with hMG or controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for assisted reproductive technologies. They can also carry out some basic tests on both partners to see if there is an identifiable reason for not having achieved a pregnancy. It stimulates the ovaries to mature egg follicles. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) – This test is essential for evaluating fallopian tubal patency, uterine filling defects such as fibroids and polyps, and scarring of the uterine cavity (Asherman syndrome). Conversely, a young overweight woman who manages to lose weight could also relieve the problem of anovulation (losing just 5% of body mass could be enough to restart ovulation). Chlamydia test: Chlamydia can affect fertility, but antibiotics can treat it.


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