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The chance of a live birth following treatment is nearly 50% [25]. IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques. The sperm must provide the zygote with DNA, centrioles, and activation factor for the embryo to develop. Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. No Differences in Outcome after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Fresh or with Frozen-thawed Epididymal Spermatozoa. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1999. In such circumstances, it is recommended not to prescribe any medication until all basic investigations are done and its results received.

Couples may decide to go ahead regardless if the desire to become pregnant is very strong. Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility. A frequency of intercourse less than once per week results in a probability of conception of about 17% within 6 months. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Chlamydia can damage the fallopian tubes in a woman and cause inflammation in a man's scrotum. About 10% to 15% of couples will not be able to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse.

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This applies to the ability to conceive with her eggs, but not with donor eggs. A high serum estradiol level (greater than 60 to 80 pg per mL [220 to 294 pmol per L]) in conjunction with a normal FSH level has also been associated with lower pregnancy rates. Contents Types[edit] Cholecystectomy as seen through a laparoscope There are two types of laparoscope:[2] a telescopic rod lens system, usually connected to a video camera (single chip or three chip) a digital laparoscope where a miniature digital video camera is placed at the end of the laparoscope, eliminating the rod lens system The mechanism mentioned in the second type is mainly used to improve the image quality of flexible endoscopes, replacing traditional fiberscopes. To assist in the luteal phase, the patient is given beta-HCG or progesterone. They are very common (approximately 40% of women have them them).

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Counseling about options should be offered to couples who are not physically able to conceive (i.e., same-sex couples or persons lacking reproductive organs). Find an IVF Doctor  |  Free IVF Class  | Class Testimonials 5) Third party reproduction: This is a general reference to a general process where another person provides sperm or eggs, or where another woman acts as a gestational surrogate, with the purpose of helping another person or couple have a child. Treatment of Male-factor Infertility. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 9 from Progress in Infertility, 1993. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. The normal working of the male reproductive system involves first the production of sufficient numbers of functional sperm cells and then the delivery of these sperm to the ejaculate.

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Abnormal sperm: The sperm may have an unusual shape, making it harder to move and fertilize an egg. 2. serum progesterone in the mid-luteal phase of their cycle (day 21 of a 28-day cycle) even if they have regular menstrual cycles. This is done for men with very low or no sperm in their semen. Epidemiology[edit] Prevalence of infertility varies depending on the definition, i.e. on the time span involved in the failure to conceive. CASA measures the following parameters: Curvilinear velocity – The average distance per unit time between successive sperm positions) Straight-line velocity – The speed of forward direction Linearity – The straight-line velocity divided by the curvilinear velocity In addition, the program measures the average path velocity, the amplitude of lateral head displacement, and the flagellar beat frequency, and it is used to evaluate for evidence of hyperactivation. Pregnancies after Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Reversal of Vasectomy and the Treatment of Male Infertility. (PDF, 4 MB) Journal of Andrology, 1980.