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There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? In theory, it is possible to conceive on any of these 6 days that occur before and during ovulation. Semen and sperm Sometimes the sperm cannot travel effectively to meet the egg. Endometriosis can be treated with hormones that suppress the displaced endometrial tissue or the tissue can be removed by a surgical procedure. It will take time until these studies can be available for clinics and patients as a regularity.

Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells lie on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. It is found in approximately 10-50% of reproductive-aged women and can be associated with infertility as well as pain during intercourse and/or menstrual periods. 8. Prescribed, over-the-counter and recreational drug use Occupation Tight underwear - There is an association between elevated scrotal temperature and reduced semen quality Complementary therapy: - No evidence supporting any. Testicular histology reveals hyalinization of seminiferous tubules.[21] Some men with Klinefelter syndrome may be able to conceive with the help of assisted reproductive techniques. Programming of Ovarian Stimulation with Norethindrone Acetate in IVF/GIFT Cycles. (PDF, 2 MB) Human Reproduction, 1989. Spermatogonia rest on the basement membrane and contain dense nuclei and prominent nucleoli.

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Where Dreams are Born. (PDF, 2 MB) Jewish Light, 2010. A history and physical examination can help direct the evaluation.

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Ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome [published corrections appear in J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 0.[44] Environmental factors Toxins such as glues, volatile organic solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and pesticides.[45][46] Tobacco smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.[47] German scientists have reported that a virus called adeno-associated virus might have a role in male infertility,[48] though it is otherwise not harmful.[49] Other diseases such as chlamydia, and gonorrhea can also cause infertility, due to internal scarring (fallopian tube obstruction).[50][51][52] Alimentary habits[53] Obesity: The obesity epidemic has recently become is a serious issue, particularly in industrialized nations. Other causes may include: Genetic factors: A man should have an X and Y chromosome. The only disadvantage with BBT is that in many instances, the shift does not occur in a clear way, and the patient misses the time of ovulation. Effects[edit] Psychological[edit] The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. Microscopic Vasoepididymostomy: Specific Microanastomosis to the Epididymal Tubule. (PDF, 15 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1978.

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Expectant therapy Expectant therapy should be based on a complete workup with diagnosis of very early stages of the disease (minimal) in patients without clinical symptoms, ie, an incidental finding. [145] A second-look laparoscopy is required for follow-up observation within 6-18 months. Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. The following is a list of hormonal disorders which can disrupt male infertility: Hyperprolactinemia: Elevated prolactin--a hormone associated with nursing mothers, is found in 10 to 40 percent of infertile males.  Mild elevation of prolactin levels produces no symptoms, but greater elevations of the hormone reduces sperm production, reduces libido and may cause impotence.  This condition responds well to the drug Parlodel (bromocriptine). Factors Affecting Fertility: Timing of Intercourse Intercourse prior to ovulation is key to maximizing the chance of pregnancy. The drugs are indicated for diseases like corpus luteum insufficiency, anovulational cycles, and normogonadotropic amenorrhea. Debate: Are Spermatid Injections of any Clinical Value? (PDF, 6 MB) Human Reproduction, 1998. Epidemiology[edit] Prevalence of infertility varies depending on the definition, i.e. on the time span involved in the failure to conceive. Rarely, a blood clot may develop in an artery or vein, liver or kidney problems can arise, and respiratory distress may develop. This can damage the ovaries or fallopian tubes and cause fertility problems. Although laparoscopic appendectomy has lesser wound problems than open surgery, the former is associated with more intra-abdominal abscesses.[20] Disadvantages[edit] While laparoscopic surgery is clearly advantageous in terms of patient outcomes, the procedure is more difficult from the surgeon's perspective when compared to traditional, open surgery: The surgeon has a limited range of motion at the surgical site, resulting in a loss of dexterity.