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Perfect Anatomical Reconstruction of Vas Deferens with a new Microscopic Surgical Technique. (PDF, 19 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1977. Steroids used to build muscles can shrink the testes and may lead to decreased sperm production. Counseling Fertility clinics should address the psycho-social and emotional needs of infertile couples as well as their medical needs. Three main events necessary for pregnancy to occur are: Ovulation: the process by which the mature egg is released from one of the woman’s ovaries.

However, given that fertility in women is known to decline steadily with age, some providers evaluate and treat women aged ≥35 years after 6 months of intercourse without the use of contraception (1). Intra-uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility. A failure of GnRH neurons to migrate to the proper location in the hypothalamus has been implicated. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for poor semen quality: a case-referent study. Women with anovulation may be treated in the primary care setting with clomiphene to induce ovulation.

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The hypothalamus also produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), both of which stimulate prolactin release from the anterior pituitary, and dopamine, which inhibits prolactin release. Controversy exists regarding whether to routinely repair an adolescent varicocele not associated with testicular atrophy. GIFT (gamete intrafallopian tube transfer) and ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer).  Like IVF, these procedures involve retrieving an egg, combining it with sperm in a lab, and then transferring it back to your body. Female factor Dysfunction of the female reproductive organs is also apparent in around 40% of infertile couples. Mannitol Induced Central Nervous System Toxicity in Renal Failure. (PDF, 4 MB) Investigative Urology, 1972.

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6 The initial history should cover menstrual history, timing and frequency of intercourse, previous use of contraception, previous pregnancies and outcomes, pelvic infections, medication use, occupational exposures, substance abuse, alcohol intake, tobacco use, and previous surgery on reproductive organs. Due to the transfer of several embryos, there is the danger of multiple pregnancies. Heterologous or therapeutic insemination, formerly called artificial insemination by donor sperm, refers to the use of frozen sperm that has been quarantined for at least 6 months. [108] Thereafter, the specimen is ready to use once the donor has undergone the necessary screening tests required by the tissue bank, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). [111] The source of the sperm can be either anonymous or from a donor designated by the couple.

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Endometriosis: Cells that normally occur within the lining of the uterus start growing elsewhere in the body. Afterward, laparoscopy gained rapidly acceptance for non-gynecologic applications. Article Sections Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. Then, generally one or two embryos, which have demonstrated appropriate development, are carefully and gently transferred into the uterine cavity. Bromocriptine and cabergoline are dopamine agonists used to suppress prolactin levels. Endometrial biopsy should be performed only in women with suspected pathology (chronic endometritis or neoplasia). Bromocriptine is used in cases when anovulation is caused by an elevated level of the hormone prolactin. Find out more about fertility tests and how problems are diagnosed.Gonadal and sexual functions are mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, a closed-loop system with feedback control from the testicles. Congenital disorders and chryptorchidism (undescended testicles). Allocation of medical resources that could be used elsewhere The legal status of embryos fertilized in vitro and not transferred in vivo. (See also beginning of pregnancy controversy). Isodicentric Y Chromosomes and Sex Disorders as Byproducts of Homologous Recombination that Maintains Palindromes. (PDF, 1 MB) Cell, 2009. Three main events necessary for pregnancy to occur are: Ovulation: the process by which the mature egg is released from one of the woman’s ovaries.