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Frequency of intercourse Probability of conception (within 6 months) 1 time per week 17 % 3 times per week 50 % 6. Continued For some men, no male infertility treatments seem to help. 8,46 Obesity impairs fertility and the response to fertility treatments, including in vitro fertilization; therefore, it is advisable to counsel patients who are obese to lose weight before conception or infertility treatments. Review Questions The answers can be found below the references.

Psychological/Physical/Behavioral Problems: Several sexual problems exist that can affect male fertility.  These problems are most often both psychological and physical in nature:  it is difficult to separate the physiological and physical components. Endocrine tests to check concentrations of the hormones testosterone, FSH and LH. Further investigations may be requested according to the clinical presentation and the results of preliminary tests. In the United States, around 10 percent of women aged 15 to 44 years are estimated to have difficulty conceiving or staying pregnant.

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Mental stress: This may affect female ovulation and male sperm production and can lead to reduced sexual activity. Infertility is more likely in men who have had this condition. A low testosterone level with a low FSH level signals a secondary cause. Showell MG, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, Hart RJ. These time intervals would seem to be reversed; this is an area where public policy trumps science. Isodicentric Y Chromosomes and Sex Disorders as Byproducts of Homologous Recombination that Maintains Palindromes. (PDF, 1 MB) Cell, 2009.

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Overheated testicles: Causes include an undescended testicle, a varicocele, or varicose vein in the scrotum, the use of saunas or hot tubs, wearing tight clothes, and working in hot environments. Other considerations include preconception screening and vaccination for preventable diseases such as rubella and varicella, sexually transmitted infections, and cervical cancer, based on appropriate guidelines and risk.

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A failure of GnRH neurons to migrate to the proper location in the hypothalamus has been implicated. The cervical mucus changes consistency during the ovulatory cycle, being most hospitable and easily penetrated at mid cycle. 6 Women with risk factors for tubal obstruction, such as endometriosis, previous pelvic infections, or ectopic pregnancy, should instead be offered hysteroscopy or laparoscopy with dye to assess for other pelvic pathology. Eating disorders: If an eating disorder leads to serious weight loss, fertility problems may arise. Some uterine and tubal abnormalities, such as adhesions, uterine septum, or fibromyoma, may be corrected by surgical procedures. Recent Advances in Male Reproductive Surgery. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 13 from Annual Progress in Reproductive Medicine, 1993. The severity usually depends on how near to the testicles the radiation was aimed. Birth after Preimplantation Diagnosis of the Cystic Fibrosis F508 Mutation by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Human Embryos Resulting from Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Epididymal Sperm. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1994. Oei SG, Helmerhorst FM, Bloemenkamp KW, Hollants FA, Meerpoel DE, Keirse MJ.