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In men, cigarette smoking and alcohol use may cause poor sperm quality, and marijuana use can also be implicated in lower sperm motility and count. Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. Epididymal Extravasation Following Vasectomy as a Cause for Failure of Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 22 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1979. Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. Those motile and viable sperm are then placed in a very small amount of solution, and then very gently and painlessly injected into the uterine cavity using a very thin, soft, and flexible catheter.

One of such conditions is a varicocele – one of the major causes of male infertility – that occurs when a vein that carries blood out of the scrotum dilates. A review of systems and physical examination of the endocrine and gynecologic systems should be performed. It is often defined as not conceiving after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse without the use of birth control. This process bypasses the normal fertilization process, which may be compromised due to poor sperm function.

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If natural selection is the primary error correction mechanism that prevents random mutations on the Y chromosome, then fertility treatments for men with abnormal sperm (in particular ICSI) only defer the underlying problem to the next male generation. Cortical deficiency may be seen in patients with adrenal failure due to infection, infarction, or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

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For hysterosalpingography, water-soluble contrast material is supplied into the cavum uteri. The four types of third party reproduction are 1) sperm donation – a process by which donated sperm is used for insemination in the uterus, or for fertilization of eggs in the IVF process; 2) egg or ovum donation – a process by which an egg donor undergoes an IVF cycle in order to obtain her eggs which are then donated and fertilized.

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In these methods, fertilization occurs inside the body. Gerrits T, Shaw M (2010). "Biomedical infertility care in sub-Saharan Africa: a social science review of current practices, experiences and view points". Metformin (Glucophage) is another type of medication that may help you ovulate normally if you have insulin resistance or PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome). Suspect antisperm antibodies when semen analysis reveals abnormal clumping, agglutination, unexplained decreased motility, or an abnormal postcoital test result. Prior to Mühe, the only specialty performing laparoscopy on a widespread basis was gynecology, mostly for relatively short, simple procedures such as a diagnostic laparoscopy or tubal ligation. Microsurgery in Clinical Urology. (PDF, 5 MB) Urology, 1975. 9 Because anxiety over infertility may cause increased stress and decreased libido, further compounding the problem, formal counseling is encouraged for couples experiencing infertility. Alkalinizing the urine before the procedure is necessary. The Use of Epididymal Sperm in Assisted Reproduction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994. Microcirugía y fertilición in vitro para la azoospermia obstructiva. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter 14 from textbook, Avances en reproducción asistida, 1992. Symptoms include: bloating constipation dark urine diarrhea nausea abdominal pain vomiting They are usually mild and easy to treat. GIFT (gamete intrafallopian tube transfer) and ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer).  Like IVF, these procedures involve retrieving an egg, combining it with sperm in a lab, and then transferring it back to your body. These abnormalities can also cause irregular bleeding between menstrual cycles. Microscopic Vasoepididymostomy: Specific Microanastomosis to the Epididymal Tubule. (PDF, 15 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1978. Histological dating of timed endometrial biopsy tissue is not related to fertility status. View Media Gallery Uterine synechiae Uterine synechiae are corrected using operative hysteroscopy.


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