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The Relationship of Abnormal Semen Parameters to Male Fertility. (PDF, 4 MB) Human Reproduction, 1989. Microsurgery in Clinical Urology. (PDF, 5 MB) Urology, 1975. Successful Pregnancy and Delivery after Calcium Ionophore Oocyte Activation in a Normozoospermic Patient with Previous Failed Fertilization after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 57 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2003.

The pituitary gland controls most other hormonal glands in the human body. Prolactin stimulates milk production during breastfeeding.

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Theoretically, with this therapy, we can get artificial gamets in vitro. Undescended testicles During fetal development one or both testicles may fail to descend from the abdomen into the sac that normally contains the testicles. 8 These studies are more sensitive and may delineate an abnormally formed uterus or structural problems, such as fibroids.

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Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. This results in normal or enhanced follicular recruitment without the risk of multiple ovulation and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Worldwide, 8 to 12 percent of couples experience fertility problems.

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Metformin (Glucophage): If Clomifene is not effective, metformin may help women with PCOS, especially when linked to insulin resistance. Once a follicle containing an egg reaches a mature size, another hormone injection called HCG is often given to mimic the natural LH surge that occurs at the time of ovulation. Therefore, data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly.[8] A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be subfertile, meaning less fertile than a typical couple. Luciano AA, Peluso J, Koch EI, Maier D, Kuslis S, Davison E. A Modern Approach to Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) Serono Symposia, Insights Into Infertility Newsletter, 1997. The seminal vesicles provide 40-80% of the semen volume, which includes fructose for sperm nutrition, prostaglandins and other coagulating substances, and bicarbonate to buffer the acidic vaginal vault. Hjollund NH, Storgaard L, Ernst E, Bonde JP, Olsen J. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein plays a role in mesonephric duct development during early fetal life, so these patients may also have urinary tract abnormalities. Laparotomy with histopathology is usually indicated, because medical attempts at inducing ovulation (human chorionic gonadotropin, FSH, GnRH) are usually unrewarding. Laparotomy is indicated in patients with severe pelvic adhesions that compromise the bowel, ovaries, and tubes, with obliteration of the cul-de-sac. [129] The aim of the procedure is to correct what is necessary to allow the normal transport of the gametes; complete restoration of the anatomy is not intended. [130] Lysis of adhesions should be meticulous, using hydrodissection and fine instruments. 44 Therefore, a simple recommendation is for vaginal intercourse every two to three days to optimize the chance of pregnancy. A woman with a suspicion of chronic anovulation most probably due to polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome, as there is a long history of irregular cycles and clinical presentation with hirsutism, her serum levels of testosterone hormone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dihydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), dihydroepiandrostenedione-sulfate (DHEAS) and prolactin should be evaluated to prove the provisional diagnosis and to detect the source of excess androgens. Secondary fertility involves one or both partners who have conceived previously, but are now unable to do so because of a possible physical or medical condition impairing fertility. With the fast progression in reproductive medicine and the experiences gained through infertility management, a wider range of treatment options have become available to infertile couples [17-19,21-26,31,36], (Appendix 4).