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Epidemiology[edit] Prevalence of infertility varies depending on the definition, i.e. on the time span involved in the failure to conceive. This can result from: A medical condition: This could be a testicular infection, cancer, or surgery. Your doctor may suggest that you take gonadotropin if you have unexplained infertility or when other kinds of treatment haven't helped you get pregnant. Using this small amount of FSH, the patient generally develops 1-2 follicles, decreasing the risk for multiple pregnancy and eliminating the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Understanding male infertility: Sex Ed 101 To better understand infertility, here's a refresher course on the birds and the bees. (Anyone caught giggling will have to stay after class.) Sperm are made in the testicles.

Perfect Anatomical Reconstruction of Vas Deferens with a new Microscopic Surgical Technique. (PDF, 19 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1977. London, United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE); February 2013:1–63. (Clinical guideline no. Drugs used for both women and men[67] include clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and metformin. 2012;27(8):2396–2404.   Want to use this article elsewhere? Often, varicoceles or past infections such as mumps orchitis are the cause of sterility.

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Women older than 35 years or couples with known risk factors for infertility may warrant evaluation at six months. For conception, sperm must reach the cervix, penetrate the cervical mucus, migrate up the uterus to the fallopian tube, undergo capacitation and the acrosome reaction to digest the zona pellucida of the oocyte, attach to the inner membrane, and release its genetic contents within the egg.

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This seems to result in a significant improvement in fertility, although some studies disagree. The corollary to this is that, by definition, failure to conceive in women under 35 isn't regarded with the same urgency as it is in those over 35.

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A history of pelvic infections or sexually transmitted diseases: Sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, can cause inflammation and permanent scarring of the fallopian tubes. Renal Echinococcus. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. If the epididymis is blocked, sperm may not be ejaculated properly. Aetiology of Congenital Absence of Vas Deferens: Genetic Study of Three Generations. (PDF, 4 MB) Human Reproduction, 1993. Ultrasound can detect uterine abnormalities such as fibroids and polyps, distal fallopian tube occlusion, and ovarian abnormalities including ovarian cysts. Out of 100 couples in the United States, 12 to 13 have trouble conceiving. If oligospermia or azoospermia is noted, hypogonadism should be suspected. The presence of antibodies in serum or seminal plasma is less prognostic than antibodies bound to sperm. Microsurgery Successful in Vasectomy Reversals. (PDF, 156 KB) The New York Times, 1975. The Effect of Female Age and Ovarian Reserve on Pregnancy Rate in Male Infertility: Treatment of Azoospermia with Sperm Retrieval and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. This method takes several weeks and daily hormone injections are needed to ensure successful implantation. Intrauterine insemination (IUI.)At the time of ovulation, sperm are injected directly up into the uterus. FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells to facilitate sperm production, while LH stimulates testosterone release from the Leydig cells.