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In order to conceive, your sperm must be:  Highly concentrated — normally, there should be at least 15 million sperm in every ml of semen5  Moving well (motile) — a lashing tail helps your sperm to swim to your partner’s egg  Normally shaped — healthy sperm should be shaped like a streamlined tadpole  You may find that your semen contains a very low number of sperm (oligozoospermia), or no sperm at all (azoospermia). Male infertility is defined as a male’s inability to cause a pregnancy after having regular intercourse (sex) with a fertile female without birth control for one year. Male and female factors can exist in isolation or combination and fertility investigations, diagnoses and treatment should always be considered in the context of the couple.       Male factor Sperm problems will contribute to about 40% of infertility cases.

Intracytoplasmatic Sperm Injection (ICSI) An intracytoplasmatic sperm injection is also a form of artificial insemination. Additionally, the quality of her eggs also decreases increases the chance of chromosomal abnormalities. According to the literature survey, the most common causes of infertility are: male factor [5,7-9,13-15] such as sperm abnormalities [9,13,15], female factor [7-9,14-16] such as ovulation dysfunction [7,8] and tubal pathology [7-9], combined male and female factors [7,9,14,15] and unexplained infertility; where no obvious cause could be detected [7-9].

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Unlike female infertility (where irregular periods may hint at a problem), obvious symptoms are not common with male infertility. Medical treatments[edit] Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of fertility medication, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the following. Several studies have reported different causes of infertility [7-9]. The Disappearing Y Chromosome – “I Told You So!” (PDF, 266 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. Extra Renal Function in Patients with Duplication Anomaly: Obligatory and Compensatory Renal Growth. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1974. Predominantly anovulation is caused by hormonal imbalances such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) but ovarian scarring and premature menopause can also result in failure to ovulate. • Tubal disease, comprising anything from mild adhesions to complete blockage of the fallopian tubes, prevents fertilised eggs from travelling from the site of fertilisation to the uterus.

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Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria. (PDF, 1 MB) New England Journal of Medicine, 1971. They want this for you just as much as you want this for you! If the sperm do not have the right shape, or they cannot travel rapidly and accurately towards the egg, conception may be difficult. Men can still ejaculate with a low sperm count or poor-quality sperm. Ultrasound: This may reveal issues such as ejaculatory duct obstruction or retrograde ejaculation.

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In addition to sperm immobility, patients experience sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and respiratory infections. This may be used if IVF has not been effective, if there has been poor embryo growth rate, and if the woman is older. The Jones metroplasty consists of resecting the septum using an anteroposterior wedge incision and closing the defect in the same direction (see the images below). [117, 118, 119] Infertility. Obstructions in the sperm transport plumbing can sometimes be surgically corrected. 0.[44] Environmental factors Toxins such as glues, volatile organic solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and pesticides.[45][46] Tobacco smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.[47] German scientists have reported that a virus called adeno-associated virus might have a role in male infertility,[48] though it is otherwise not harmful.[49] Other diseases such as chlamydia, and gonorrhea can also cause infertility, due to internal scarring (fallopian tube obstruction).[50][51][52] Alimentary habits[53] Obesity: The obesity epidemic has recently become is a serious issue, particularly in industrialized nations. Checking testosterone levels is advisable because an elevation above the reference range has a negative feedback effect on sperm production. Obstructions in the sperm transport plumbing can sometimes be surgically corrected. Sterilisation Some women choose to be sterilised if they don't want to have any more children. Women are advised not to use the drug for more than one day. What’s on the Mind of IVF Consumers? (PDF, 627 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009. Benefits of laparoscopy are especially the possibility to simultaneously remove adhesions in one session. But few areas achieve this, with rationing deepening across the NHS amid financial pressures. It is further sub-divided into primary and secondary sterility.