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Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. Reduced fecundability in women with prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking. Up to 2 percent of men are thought to have suboptimal sperm. Prolonged estrus may be caused by ovarian cysts that produce estrogen, functional ovarian tumors, or exogenous estrogens (including human transdermal hormone replacement therapy). Small or firm testicles could indicate potential issues that should be explored by a medical practitioner.

These drugs also can also help you get pregnant by causing your ovaries to release multiple eggs. A 3 to 5 days long sexual abstention is absolutely necessary for this. Microsurgery of the Male Genitalia for Infertility. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 59 from Reconstructive Urologic Surgery, 1994. Causes of Sterility in Women In women, the classification of possible causes is much more complex. Prior surgeries Certain surgeries may prevent you from having sperm in your ejaculate, including vasectomy, inguinal hernia repairs, scrotal or testicular surgeries, prostate surgeries, and large abdominal surgeries performed for testicular and rectal cancers, among others. 21,22 Evaluation of Women Jump to section + The etiology of female infertility can be broken down into ovulation disorders, uterine abnormalities, tubal obstruction, and peritoneal factors.

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Defects of tubules that transport sperm There are many different tubes that carry sperm. A Physical Map of the Human Y Chromosome. (PDF, 160 KB) Nature, 2001.

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Blocked ovaries can start functioning again without a clear medical explanation. Get Permissions Email Alerts Don't miss a single issue. Erectile dysfunction, vaginismus (painful involuntary spasm of vagina preventing intercourse) and dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) can explain involuntary childlessness in some couples.

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For this reason, a call for low-cost ART protocols have been attempt to reduce the overall current cost of IVF through limiting the rquired laboratory investigations, modifying the stimulation regimen and purchasing low-priced pre-used machines and instruments [35]. Of azoospermic patients with Klinefelter syndrome, 20% show the presence of residual foci of spermatogenesis. Controversies in OB/GYN: Is Varicocelectomy Useful for Treatment of Male-factor Infertility? (PDF, 4 MB)Contemporary OB/GYN, 2001. Low sperm mobility (motility): The sperm cannot "swim" as well as they should to reach the egg. CASA measures the following parameters: Curvilinear velocity – The average distance per unit time between successive sperm positions) Straight-line velocity – The speed of forward direction Linearity – The straight-line velocity divided by the curvilinear velocity In addition, the program measures the average path velocity, the amplitude of lateral head displacement, and the flagellar beat frequency, and it is used to evaluate for evidence of hyperactivation. The Varicocele Dilemma. (PDF, 139 KB) Human Reproduction, 2001. Urinary monitoring of the LH surge (eg, with an LH Predictor Kit) can be a substitute for BBT. Thyroid problems: An overactive or underactive thyroid gland can lead to a hormonal imbalance.