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The cause of sterility can also be found in the tubes. Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. This page covers the possible causes of infertility in men and women.

They include: Clomifene (Clomid, Serophene): This encourages ovulation in those who ovulate either irregularly or not at all, because of PCOS or another disorder. After injection of the sperm, the patient remains in the recumbent position for 10-15 minutes. Ovulatory periods are often accompanied by midcycle symptoms such as mittelschmerz or premenstrual symptoms. The use of Epididymal and Testicular Spermatozoa for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: The Genetic Implications for Male Infertility. (PDF, 8 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Ovulation should be documented by serum progesterone level measurement at cycle day 21. Hysterosalpingography: Fluid is injected into the woman's uterus and X-rays are taken to determine whether the fluid travels properly out of the uterus and into the fallopian tubes.

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Evaluation of the uterus and fallopian tubes can be performed by hysterosalpingography in women with no risk of obstruction. Options include intrauterine insemination (also known as IUI) or IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (also known as ICSI).

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After repair, 40-70% of patients have improved semen parameters, while 40% are able to impregnate their partner without other interventions. Genital duct obstruction is a potentially curable cause of infertility and is observed in 7% of infertile patients. There are several requirements for male fertility. 8 Women in group I typically present with amenorrhea and low gonadotropin levels, most commonly from low body weight or excessive exercise. Pregnancy Caused by Sperm from Vasa Efferentia. (PDF, 1 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1988.

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Nowadays, given the huge emotional impact caused by pregnancy loss, in those cases where two pregnancy losses have taken place, an analysis and treatment is advised. 8 Couples with unexplained infertility may want to consider another year of intercourse before moving to more costly and invasive therapies, such as assisted reproductive technology. They don’t have any reason to suspect they may have infertility until they start trying to conceive. Surprisingly, most patients have normal libido, erections, and orgasms, so testosterone therapy has only a limited role; exogenous testosterone may also suppress any underlying sperm production. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) usually results from taking medications to stimulate the ovaries, such as clomifene and gonadotrophins. In ZIFT, your doctor places the fertilized eggs -- at this stage called zygotes -- into your fallopian tubes within 24 hours. Testicular Transplantation and Autotransplantation. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 22 of textbook, Extracorporeal and Microvascular Surgery, 1982. Algorithm for infertility evaluation. (ART = assisted reproductive technology.) Infertility Evaluation Figure 1. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The ovaries function abnormally and ovulation may not occur. Bilateral anorchia (vanishing testes syndrome) Patients have a normal male karyotype (46, XY) but are born without testis bilaterally. An ultrasound scan can detect an ectopic pregnancy. Low progesterone levels may lead to early miscarriage. A postoperative HSG should be performed 2 months later. Ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome [published corrections appear in J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 8 Counseling on lifestyle modifications is reasonable because exposures to tobacco and alcohol are associated with lower rates of fertility. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) usually results from taking medications to stimulate the ovaries, such as clomifene and gonadotrophins.