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About 25% of all infertility is caused by an ovulation disorder. Men who are underweight tend to have lower sperm concentrations than those who are at a normal BMI. In addition, infertility is considered also a public problem.

However, varicoceles may lead to impaired testicular spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, potentially due to an increased intratesticular temperature, reflux of toxic metabolites, and/or germ cell hypoxia as potential causes of these changes, and this appears to be progressive over time. Age: Male fertility starts to fall after 40 years. Incidence and main causes of infertility in a resident population (1,850,000) of three French regions (1988–1989).

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Due to improved patient outcomes, in the last two decades, laparoscopic surgery has been adopted by various surgical sub-specialties, including gastrointestinal surgery (including bariatric procedures for morbid obesity), gynecologic surgery, and urology. It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability.[22] Causes[edit] Immune infertility[edit] Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples.[23] In both men and women, ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. This mucus mainly affects the lungs, but males may also have a missing or obstructed vas deferens. The Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromsome is a Mosaic of Discrete Sequence Classes. (PDF, 754 KB) Nature, 2003.

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Microsurgical Aspects of Varicocele. (PDF, 9 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1979. Both infertility and subfertility are defined as the inability to conceive after a certain period of time (the length of which vary), so often the two terms overlap.

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The Intra-abdominal Testes: Microvascular Autotransplantation. (PDF, 4 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1981. Even if you choose not to have your activity tracked by third parties for advertising services, you will still see non-personalized ads on our site. This technique involves an injection of a single healthy sperm directly injected into mature egg. When Predictions Don’t Predict. (PDF, 549 KB) The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1991. Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection[edit] ICSI technique is used in case of poor semen quality, low sperm count or failed fertilization attempts during prior IVF cycles. If a weight gain greater than 2 lb occurs, the patient should be evaluated to determine if hospitalization is required. 2012;27(8):2396–2404.   Want to use this article elsewhere? Causes[edit] Hormonal imbalance[edit] This is the most common cause of anovulation and is thought to account for about 70% of all cases. Men who are underweight tend to have lower sperm concentrations than those who are at a normal BMI. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection[edit] ICSI technique is used in case of poor semen quality, low sperm count or failed fertilization attempts during prior IVF cycles. 8 Involvement in group counseling and exercise is more effective than weight loss advice alone. Simultaneous Treatment of the Wife in Infertile Couples with Oligospermia. (PDF, 4 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1983.