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Chemotherapy: Some types may significantly reduce sperm count. Judaism and Repoductive Technology. (PDF, 160 KB) 2003.

Some respond by actively avoiding the issue altogether; middle-class men are the most likely to respond in this way.[21] In the United States some treatments for infertility, including diagnostic tests, surgery and therapy for depression, can qualify one for Family and Medical Leave Act leave. Couples who do not conceive after treatment for six cycles with documented ovulation should also consider referral to an infertility specialist. Hormone imbalances Infertility can result from disorders of the testicles themselves or an abnormality affecting other hormonal systems including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands.

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It usually involves treatment implication counselling, emotional support counselling, and therapeutic counselling [38,39]. Factors contributing to the formation of antisperm antibodies in women are disturbance of normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, infection, violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, rape and unprotected oral or anal sex.

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The likelihood of fertilization improves significantly for men with low sperm concentrations. Conception and Fertility The chance of conceiving in any given menstrual cycle is less than 20% in a woman of reproductive age. Epididymal and Testicular Spermatozoa and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 7 MB) Assisted Reproduction Reviews, 1996.

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At least one open tube is required for IUI, and the sperm abnormality cannot be severe otherwise the sperm will not be able to swim to and fertilize the egg. This can make it difficult for the embryo to implant. 8 Patients should be counseled that 50% of couples who have not conceived in the first year of trying will conceive in the second year. Possible problems could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization, that it may not enter the fallopian tube, sperm may not be able to reach the egg, fertilization may fail to occur, transport of the zygote may be disturbed, or implantation fails. 0.[44] Environmental factors Toxins such as glues, volatile organic solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and pesticides.[45][46] Tobacco smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.[47] German scientists have reported that a virus called adeno-associated virus might have a role in male infertility,[48] though it is otherwise not harmful.[49] Other diseases such as chlamydia, and gonorrhea can also cause infertility, due to internal scarring (fallopian tube obstruction).[50][51][52] Alimentary habits[53] Obesity: The obesity epidemic has recently become is a serious issue, particularly in industrialized nations. Summary Infertility is a significant medical and social problem affecting couple worldwide. It is a sensitive issue that should be handled with great care with continuous professional counselling. Most young couples will conceive naturally within 2 years. Evaluation of both partners for causes is essential. Treatment depends on the cause, and varies from medical treatment to surgery to ART. Aetiology of Congenital Absence of Vas Deferens: Genetic Study of Three Generations. (PDF, 4 MB) Human Reproduction, 1993. However, if the woman has previously been pregnant, regardless of the outcome (which may have been a premature or full-term delivery, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion or ectopic pregnancy), and is now unable to conceive, it is considered secondary infertility. Unexplained infertility is not the same thing as having no explanation, but rather reflects the fact that the tests performed have been normal. The chance of a multiple birth is lower with an oral fertility drug.