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Microsurgery Successful in Vasectomy Reversals. (PDF, 156 KB) The New York Times, 1975. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus.

Generally, their response to hMG ovulation induction is too brisk or delayed, and predicting whether the patient will respond easily is not possible. Sexual history – One of the purposes of obtaining a sexual history is to determine whether the partners have any sexual disturbance or dysfunction. Further investigations may be requested according to the clinical presentation and the results of preliminary tests. This study was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University of Bristol Regulations and Code of Ethics for Research Programmes.

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These may be purchased over the counter and allow couples to predict the most fertile days in the cycle. 1 Among couples 15 to 44 years of age, nearly 7 million have used infertility services at some point. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. A lower concentration may lead to a lower chance for conception without treatment; 3) sperm motility or movement – a normal motility should be at least 50%. Before treating cornual obstruction, the diagnosis should be confirmed. Infertility, on the other hand, is the inability to successfully carry a baby to term and give birth; i.e., conception is feasible but the pregnancy cannot be completed.

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Radiation therapy: If this is aimed near the reproductive organs, it can increase the risk of fertility problems. The testicles will be checked for lumps or deformities, and the shape and structure of the penis will be examined for abnormalities. 6 The initial history should cover menstrual history, timing and frequency of intercourse, previous use of contraception, previous pregnancies and outcomes, pelvic infections, medication use, occupational exposures, substance abuse, alcohol intake, tobacco use, and previous surgery on reproductive organs. This improves the chances that the embryo will implant at, or attach to, the wall of the uterus. Retrograde ejaculation: Sperm can be taken directly from the bladder and injected into an egg in the laboratory. The pituitary gland produces these hormones, so any problems with this gland may also influence infertility.

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Smoking during pregnancy increases the chance of pregnancy loss. Reversal of Vasectomy and the Treatment of Male Infertility. (PDF, 4 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1981. Damaged tubes may interfere with fertilization of the egg and its transport into the uterine cavity. Chromosomal abnormalities An estimated 6-13% of infertile men have chromosomal abnormalities (compared with 0. Medication. If you have ovulation problems, you may be prescribed drugs such as clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene), gonadotropins (such as Gonal-F, Follistim, Humegon and Pregnyl), or letrozole. Gerrits T, Shaw M (2010). "Biomedical infertility care in sub-Saharan Africa: a social science review of current practices, experiences and view points". The diagnosis of congenital anestrus is based on the age of the animal and exclusion of all other possible causes (including chromosomal defects, endocrine disorders, and previous oophorectomy). Less common factors The following other factors may also be responsible for infertility in a smaller proportion of cases: • Genetic abnormalities within eggs, sperm or both • An abnormal uterine cavity, including the presence of fibroids or polyps • Immunological infertility, whereby either the male or female partner produces anti-bodies against sperm cells or implantation of an embryo • Abnormal cervical mucus which hinders the passage of sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes Unexplained infertility Even when investigations have been extensive, some couples will have no reason with which to explain their infertility.