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Females[edit] The following causes of infertility may only be found in females. Source : (1).pptx Evaluation of Fertility: A Cornerstone to Improved ... Definition “A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility” NICE guideline, CG156 Primary infertility; couple have failed to conceive before. Secondary infertility; woman has previously been pregnant regardless of the outcome of the pregnancy and now unable to conceive. Live Birth Following Day Surgery Reversal of Female Sterilisation in Women Older then 40 Year: A Realistic Option in Australia? (PDF, 156 KB) Medical Journal of Australia, 2007. It could be related to hormone issues, to endometriosis, or to other underlying conditions that could also be contributing to infertility.

In a recent meta-analysis, letrozole was found to be as effective as other methods of ovulation induction. [169] The usual dose for letrozole ovulation induction is 2. This was set up on 1 August 1991 following a detailed commission of enquiry led by Mary Warnock in the 1980s A similar model to the HFEA has been adopted by the rest of the countries in the European Union. Sperm counts can fluctuate, so that several samples may be necessary. However, if the E2 level is greater than 100 pc/mL and the follicles are 10 mm in diameter, hMG should be continued at the same dose. Hypogonadotropic Hypopituitarism: Low pituitary gland output of LH and FSH.  This condition arrests sperm development and causes the progressive loss of germ cells from the testes and causes the seminiferous tubules and Leydig (testosterone producing) cells to deteriorate.  May be treated with the drug Serophene.  However, if all germ cells are destroyed before treatment commences, the male may be permanently infertile. WHO categorizes ovulatory disorders into three groups: group I is caused by hypothalamic pituitary failure (10%), group II results from dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (85%), and group III is caused by ovarian failure (5%).

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Estrous cycle abnormalities can cause infertility. Metformin (Glucophage) is another type of medication that may help you ovulate normally if you have insulin resistance or PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome). Causes of infertility and sterility in men The male factor is difficult to evaluate because sperm analyses do not always indicate if there is a problem or not. However, these tests have only poor to moderate predictive value despite widespread use. A specimen is collected by masturbation into a clean, dry, sterile container or during coitus using special condoms (containing no spermicidal lubricants).

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Low sperm mobility (motility): The sperm cannot "swim" as well as they should to reach the egg. Endometrial polyps Endometrial polyps are removed through operative hysteroscopy associated with a dilatation and curettage, if necessary. This can make it difficult for the embryo to implant. For example, 10 to 15 percent of untreated chlamydia cases will lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Diverse Spermatogenic Defects in Humans Caused by Y Chromosome Deletions Encompassing a Novel RNA-binding Protein Gene. (PDF, 7 MB) Nature Genetics, 1995. Due to improved patient outcomes, in the last two decades, laparoscopic surgery has been adopted by various surgical sub-specialties, including gastrointestinal surgery (including bariatric procedures for morbid obesity), gynecologic surgery, and urology.

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Sertoli Cell only Revisited. (PDF, 1 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Scrotal surgery, including vasectomy, hydrocelectomy (5-6%), and spermatocelectomy (up to 17%), may lead to epididymal injury and subsequent obstruction.[30] Antisperm antibodies Antisperm antibodies bind to sperm, impair motility, and lead to clumping, impairing movement through the female reproductive tract and interaction with the oocyte. Low sperm mobility (motility): The sperm cannot "swim" as well as they should to reach the egg. Normal Intrauterine Pregnancy After Reversal of Tubal Sterilization in the Wife and Vasectomy in the Husband.(PDF, 1 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1978. In 30% of all cases, the cause is in both partners: combined sterility. 8 A high serum FSH level (greater than 30 to 40 mIU per mL [30 to 40 IU per L]) with a low estradiol level can distinguish ovarian failure from hypothalamic pituitary failure, which typically reveals a low or normal FSH level (less than 10 mIU per mL [10 IU per L]) and a low estradiol level. A pregnancy where the mother is weak could pose a risk to the baby’s and mother’s health.