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Rarely, a blood clot may develop in an artery or vein, liver or kidney problems can arise, and respiratory distress may develop. Luciano AA, Peluso J, Koch EI, Maier D, Kuslis S, Davison E. About 10% to 15% of couples will not be able to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse.

Erectile dysfunction, vaginismus (painful involuntary spasm of vagina preventing intercourse) and dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) can explain involuntary childlessness in some couples. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection[edit] ICSI technique is used in case of poor semen quality, low sperm count or failed fertilization attempts during prior IVF cycles. Each country has its own body or bodies responsible for the inspection and licensing of fertility treatment under the EU Tissues and Cells directive [78] Regulatory bodies are also found in Canada [79] and in the state of Victoria in Australia [80] See also[edit] [edit] Inhorn MC (2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt".

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Unexplained infertility in women or men may be managed with another year of unprotected intercourse, or may proceed to assisted reproductive technologies, such as intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization. Checking the woman’s fallopian tubes to make sure they are not blocked.

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Thyroid problems: An overactive or underactive thyroid gland can lead to a hormonal imbalance. Sperm count often returns to normal after stopping the medication. Source : Preserving your fertility - University of Kansas Hospital PPT Presentation Summary : Preserving your fertility.

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Abnormality in any of those regions may indicate abnormal sperm function and compromise the ability of sperm to fertilize the egg. Postcoital testing and antisperm antibody testing are no longer considered useful in this evaluation. Recovery of Spermatogenesis after Testicle Autotransplantation in an Adult Male. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1982. Between 45 and 50 percent of cases are thought to stem from factors that affect the man. The corollary to this is that, by definition, failure to conceive in women under 35 isn't regarded with the same urgency as it is in those over 35. Exposure to some chemicals: Some pesticides, herbicides, metals, such as lead, and solvents have been linked to fertility problems in both men and women. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? The advent of computer chip-based television cameras was a seminal event in the field of laparoscopy. Changes in virility, often governed by hormones, could indicate issues with fertility. Surgical treatment of myomas is indicated in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding, when the myoma is implicated in recurrent miscarriages or when it is thought to interfere with embryo implantation. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Infertility. (PDF, 53 KB) Nature Genetics, 2001.