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Environmental vs Genetic Sex Determination: A Possible Factor in Dinosaur Extinction? (PDF, 307 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2004. The problem is getting the sperm where they need to go. Histologic endometrial dating is not considered reliable nor is it predictive of fertility. 34 Although intrauterine insemination has been shown to be equally effective as timed intercourse in unstimulated cycles, there is a modest increase in live birth rates when combined with ovarian stimulation. Moderate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is characterized by ovarian enlargement (5-12 cm in diameter) moderate ascites, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and weight gain greater than 10 lb. 3,4  Infertility may arise from male factors, female factors, or a combination of these (Table 15–8).

Risk factors for male infertility include obesity, age (over 40 -- yes, men also have biological clocks), current or previous infection of an STD, smoking, or excessive drinking. In such cases, OPKs and those fertility monitors which are based on LH may show false results, with an increased number of false positives or false negatives.

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5) Endometrial polyps: Endometrial polyps are finger-like growths in the uterine cavity arising from the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, These abnormalities are rarely associated with cancer (<1% in a woman before menopause), but polyps are can decrease fertility by up to 50% according to some studies. Find an IVF Doctor  |  Free IVF Class  | Class Testimonials 5) Third party reproduction: This is a general reference to a general process where another person provides sperm or eggs, or where another woman acts as a gestational surrogate, with the purpose of helping another person or couple have a child. If a semen analysis is found to be abnormal, generally it is first repeated to confirm the abnormality. This measurement is called the antral follicle count and may correlate with fertility potential.

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Tubal obstruction and lysis of adhesions can be corrected through laparotomy, operative laparoscopy, and, in special circumstances, through operative hysteroscopy and tubal cannulation. Smoking: Smoking significantly increases the risk of infertility in both men and women, and it may undermine the effects of fertility treatment. A Family of Human Y Chromosomes has Dispersed Throughout Northern Eurasia Despite a 1. Although many of these can be treated through surgery or hormonal substitutions, some may be indefinite.[59] Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm may be caused by primary ciliary dyskinesia. Sperm Retrieval for Azoospermia and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Success Rates – A Personal Overview.(PDF, 1 MB) Human Fertility, 2010. However, about one in five cases of infertility has no clear diagnosed cause.[73] In Britain, male factor infertility accounts for 25% of infertile couples, while 25% remain unexplained.

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6,8 It is important for primary care physicians to be familiar with the workup and prognosis for infertile couples. By clicking continue below and using our sites or applications, you agree that we and our third party advertisers can: transfer your personal data to the United States or other countries, and process your personal data to serve you with personalized ads, subject to your choices as described above and in our privacy policy.Table of contents Signs of infertility in women Signs of infertility in men Other risk factors Seeing a doctor Infertility affects both men and women. Lead, toxic fumes and exposure to pesticides are suspected contributors to infertility. Epidemiology of infertility For healthy young couples, the probability of getting pregnancy per a reproductive cycle is about 20% to 25%. 8 Evaluation of Men Jump to section + Causes of male infertility include infection, injury, toxin exposures, anatomic variances, chromosomal abnormalities, systemic diseases, and sperm antibodies. Other causes of infertility affecting both partners include immunological incompatibility between sperm and the cervical mucus, which may in some instances cause sperm agglutination. An estimated 34 million women, predominantly from developing countries, have infertility which resulted from maternal sepsis and unsafe abortion (long term maternal morbidity resulting in a disability). 1 Among couples 15 to 44 years of age, nearly 7 million have used infertility services at some point. You take gonadotropins that trigger the development of more than one egg. Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. These factors may interfere with embryo implantation and a woman’s ability to carry pregnancy to term. Causes of male infertility include Physical problems with the testicles Blockages in the ducts that carry sperm Hormone problems A history of high fevers or mumps Genetic disorders Lifestyle or environmental factors About a third of the time, infertility is because of a problem with the man.