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Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Ultrastructure of Human Sperm in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens: Clinical Implications. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1992.

Treatment of Secondary Amenorrhea and Oligo-ovulation Once the diagnosis is established and any other endocrinopathy has been excluded, the ovulation induction agent of choice depends on a functioning hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. When anatomic variance or obstruction is suspected, referral for surgical evaluation and treatment is appropriate. Broekmans FJ, Kwee J, Hendriks DJ, Mol BW, Lambalk CB. However, the presence of fibroids alone doesn’t necessarily cause infertility or predispose a woman to pregnancy loss. The chance of a multiple birth is lower with an oral fertility drug. Women with anovulation may be treated in the primary care setting with clomiphene to induce ovulation.

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You take gonadotropins that trigger the development of more than one egg. Less than 50% motility may significantly affect the ability for sperm to fertilize the egg without therapy; and (4) morphology, or shape – there are three parts of the sperm that are analyzed for morphology: the head, midpeice, and tail. Prevalence of Premature Ovarian Failure in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins. (PDF, 90 KB) Human Reproduction, 2007.

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Factors contributing to the formation of antisperm antibodies in women are disturbance of normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, infection, violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, rape and unprotected oral or anal sex. Gerrits T, Shaw M (2010). "Biomedical infertility care in sub-Saharan Africa: a social science review of current practices, experiences and view points". Varicoceles are generally asymptomatic, and most men with varicoceles do not have infertility or testicular atrophy.

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It is a new opportunity, not only for partners with lack of gamets, but also for homosexuals and single people who wants to have offspring. This allows for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as endometriosis with one procedure. The Use of Epididymal Sperm in Assisted Reproduction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994. Fresh Ovarian Tissue and Whole Ovary Transplantation. (PDF, 373 KB) Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 2009. If conception does not occur after many months or years of trying, it can lead to stress and possibly depression. The length of postoperative stay in the hospital is minimal, and same-day discharges are possible in cases of early morning procedures. Patients who do not achieve ovulation after three to six cycles should be referred to an infertility specialist for further treatment. Environmental vs Genetic Sex Determination: A Possible Factor in Dinosaur Extinction? (PDF, 307 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2004. This was set up on 1 August 1991 following a detailed commission of enquiry led by Mary Warnock in the 1980s A similar model to the HFEA has been adopted by the rest of the countries in the European Union. ARTICLES FROM THE 1990s Microsurgery, Andrology, and Its Role in IVF. (PDF, 6 MB) Chapter in text book, Advances in Assisted Reproductive Technology, 1990. Bhaskar Dutta/Photoshare Clinical definitions Infertility is “a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.”… (WHO-ICMART glossary1). “Infertility is the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve pregnancy in one year. The number of days in between each period varies each month. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. Ideally, patients respond to replacement with exogenous GnRH or HCG, an LH analogue, although this does not always occur.