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A variety of disorders ranging from hormonal disturbances to physical problems, to psychological problems can cause male infertility.  Although many treatment options are now available, in many cases treatment will not work.  In many instances, male infertility is caused by testicular damage resulting in an inability of the testicle to produce sperm.  Once damaged, the testicle will not usually regain its sperm-making capabilities; this aspect of male infertility is analogous to menopause (though not natural like menopause) for women and cannot usually be treated.  Despite medicine�s limited ability to treat male infertility, many successful treatment options are available for its many causes.  Besides testicular damage, the main causes of male infertility are low sperm production and poor sperm quality.   The Causes of Male Infertility Male infertility has many causes--from hormonal imbalances, to physical problems, to psychological and/or behavioral problems.  Moreover, fertility reflects a man�s �overall� health.  Men who live a healthy lifestyle are more likely to produce healthy sperm.  The following list highlights some lifestyle choices that negatively impact male fertility--it is not all-inclusive: · Smoking--significantly decreases both sperm count and sperm cell motility. · Prolonged use of marijuana and other recreational drugs. · Chronic alcohol abuse. · Anabolic steroid use--causes testicular shrinkage and infertility. · Overly intense exercise--produces high levels of adrenal steroid hormones which cause a    testosterone deficiency resulting in infertility. · Inadequate vitamin C and Zinc in the diet. · Tight underwear--increases scrotal temperature which results in decreased sperm production. · Exposure to environmental hazards and toxins such as pesticides, lead, paint, radiation, radioactive   substances, mercury,  benzene, boron, and heavy metals · Malnutrition and anemia. · Excessive stress! The use of Epididymal and Testicular Spermatozoa for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: The Genetic Implications for Male Infertility. (PDF, 8 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. However, about one in five cases of infertility has no clear diagnosed cause.[73] In Britain, male factor infertility accounts for 25% of infertile couples, while 25% remain unexplained. Couples who do not conceive after treatment for six cycles with documented ovulation should also consider referral to an infertility specialist. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) usually results from taking medications to stimulate the ovaries, such as clomifene and gonadotrophins. 17 Evaluation of male infertility starts with a history and physical examination focusing on previous fertility, pelvic or inguinal surgeries, systemic diseases, and exposures.

Large polyps or multiple polyps can impact fertility by interfering with the ability of embryo to implant and should be removed. If this is unsuccessful, the decision which form of artificial insemination is going to be used is made individually. After one year of having unprotected sex, about 15 percent of couples are unable to get pregnant. On the day of ovulation, a mucus sample is taken after intercourse.

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Human chorionic gonadotropin (Ovidrel, Pregnyl): Used together with clomiphene, hMG, and FSH, this can stimulate the follicle to ovulate. Transmission of Male Infertility to Future Generations: Lessons from the Y Chromosome. (PDF, 303 KB) Human Reproduction Update, 2002. About 92 out of 100 couples who are trying to get pregnant do so within two years.[citation needed] Women become less fertile as they get older.

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Tubal obstruction due to elective sterilization is better repaired with microsurgery, although the modern tendency is to perform the anastomosis using operative laparoscopy. [33, 143, 144] In either event, knowing in advance what type of tubal ligation technique was used is important. Cervical mucus problems impairing conception may be treated with intrauterine insemination (IUI) or uterine instillation of specially prepared sperm. Normal Pregnancies Resulting from Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection for Azoospermia Due to Maturation Arrest. (PDF, 6 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1996.

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Afterward, radiographs are taken and the contrast material can be seen in the abdominal cavity if the tubes are pervious. Assisted conception The following methods are currently available for assisted conception. Sign up for the free AFP email table of contents.Infertility definitions and terminology A couple sits at the bank of a lake in Ahmedabad, India. In most cases, only 1 follicle is recruited and develops until ovulation. A laparoscopy can check the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus for disease. The opening improves the ability of the embryo to implant into the uterine lining. An obstruction can occur anywhere in the plumbing between the testicles and the penis. S. annually, with over 96% of those being performed laparoscopically.