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The volume provides clear guidelines and a logical sequence of steps which will quickly lead the clinician or physician to an accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause of infertility. 5) Endometrial polyps: Endometrial polyps are finger-like growths in the uterine cavity arising from the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, These abnormalities are rarely associated with cancer (<1% in a woman before menopause), but polyps are can decrease fertility by up to 50% according to some studies. You always have the choice to experience our sites without personalized advertising based on your web browsing activity by visiting the DAA's Consumer Choice page, the NAI's website, and/or the EU online choices page, from each of your browsers or devices. Causes of Male Infertility Male infertility may be a result of some conditions that affect the quality of sperm, lead to low sperm production (oligospermia), or lead to the absence of sperm production (azoospermia). Although the sperm count may be slightly decreased by an intercourse frequency of once per day or once every other day, the motility and number of sperm in the healthy male would be sufficient to achieve pregnancy.

Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Lévy R, Czernichow S; Obesity-Fertility Collaborative Group. If a lack of sperm is suspected, surgery, hormones and assisted reproductive surgery can correct the problem. A Modern View of Male Infertility. (PDF, 7 MB) From The Infertile Male: Advanced Assisted Reproductive Technology, 1994.

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Conventional IVF vs ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) for Patients Requiring Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA). (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994. Medicamentous Induction of Ovulation Ovulation inductors are used for dysfunctions in the hypophyseal-hypothalamic area. Erectile dysfunction Hormonal changes, psychological factors, or physical issues may make it difficult to get or keep an erection. Helping our patients develop a deep understanding of their fertility options will make the process smoother. Prolactin stimulates milk production during breastfeeding. Alternatively, the patient may bypass surgical treatment and proceed directly to intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization, depending on the severity and the female partner's age.

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On the seventh day, E2 measurement and ultrasonography are performed. The resulting sperm count (also called spermiogram) allows identifying various pathologies.

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Less common factors The following other factors may also be responsible for infertility in a smaller proportion of cases: • Genetic abnormalities within eggs, sperm or both • An abnormal uterine cavity, including the presence of fibroids or polyps • Immunological infertility, whereby either the male or female partner produces anti-bodies against sperm cells or implantation of an embryo • Abnormal cervical mucus which hinders the passage of sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes Unexplained infertility Even when investigations have been extensive, some couples will have no reason with which to explain their infertility. These drugs also can also help you get pregnant by causing your ovaries to release multiple eggs. The entire process of development from spermatogonium to spermatid takes 74 days and is described in 14 steps; as they mature, the developing spermatids progress closer to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. 8 If a woman has irregular cycles, the testing should be conducted later in the cycle, starting seven days before presumed onset of menses, and repeated weekly until menses. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa are also associated with extremely low BMI. If a severe sperm defect is discovered, the testing on the female partner should be modified, and therapy can be immediately directed to the sperm problem. Treatment of the cause: 27. Tubal and uterine factors: 1. Oei SG, Helmerhorst FM, Bloemenkamp KW, Hollants FA, Meerpoel DE, Keirse MJ. Smoking: Smoking significantly increases the risk of infertility in both men and women, and it may undermine the effects of fertility treatment. Pain during sex Some women have experienced painful sex their entire lives, so they’ve convinced themselves it’s normal. Another requirement for male fertility is a normal ductal system. Bilateral anorchia (vanishing testes syndrome) Patients have a normal male karyotype (46, XY) but are born without testis bilaterally.