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Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, biochemical evaluation, ultrasonography, and laparotomy. Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration and Assisted Reproductive Techniques. (PDF, 4 MB) Frontiers in Human Reproduction, 1991. Infection: Some infections, such as gonorrhea or inflammation of the testicles, can affect sperm production or sperm health or can cause scarring that blocks the passage of sperm. The prevalence varies widely, being less in developed countries and more in developing countries where limited resources for investigation and treatment are available [2].

Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. 6,8 It is important for primary care physicians to be familiar with the workup and prognosis for infertile couples.

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Abundant Gene Conversion Between Arms of Palindromes in Human and Ape Y Chromosomes. (PDF, 340 KB)Nature, 2003. Ovulation test kits or monitors are available at pharmacies and can help a woman determine her fertile time.   SOURCES How common is male infertility, and what are its causes?

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IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques. An estimated 34 million women, predominantly from developing countries, have infertility which resulted from maternal sepsis and unsafe abortion (long term maternal morbidity resulting in a disability). Typical characteristics are ascites and cyst formation of the ovaries.

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Especially in men, psychological explanations should be considered as they are frequently the cause of sexual dysfunctions. The Relationship of Abnormal Semen Parameters to Male Fertility. (PDF, 4 MB) Human Reproduction, 1989. However, further testing may include: A general physical exam by a urologist. After one year of having unprotected sex, about 15 percent of couples are unable to get pregnant. Once a follicle containing an egg reaches a mature size, another hormone injection called HCG is often given to mimic the natural LH surge that occurs at the time of ovulation. Theoretically, with this therapy, we can get artificial gamets in vitro. Bromocriptine (Parlodel): This drug inhibits prolactin production. Cervical insemination has almost been abandoned because of its low success and has been relegated only to cases in which the sperm count is normal, such as in artificial insemination using donor sperm or if the sample has elevated white cells. Patients with azoospermia or severe oligospermia seeking assisted reproductive techniques should be screened. For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: vaginal intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones must be balanced.[54] For women, problems with fertilisation arise mainly from either structural problems in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Nevertheless, scientists have found these stem cells, which may generate new oocites in postnatal conditions. 6,8,23 A high FSH level (10 to 20 mIU per mL [10 to 20 IU per L]) drawn on day 3 of the menstrual cycle is associated with infertility. 2 This encompasses couples with infertility and impaired ability to get pregnant, but it does not capture those who are not married, so actual numbers may be underestimated. Symptoms include: bloating constipation dark urine diarrhea nausea abdominal pain vomiting They are usually mild and easy to treat.